{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T13:03:07Z","timestamp":1790168587548,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763683200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Comprehensive Investigation and Evaluation of Natural Re-sources in the Ecological Conservation Area of the Upper reaches of Yongding River in Beijing","award":["DD20230701106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DD20230701106"]}]},{"name":"Comprehensive Investigation on Ecological Restoration of Hulunbuir Grassland","award":["DD20230474"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DD20230474"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rhizosphere microbiota, serving as pivotal drivers of multifunctionality in grassland ecosystems, are jointly shaped by the dual influences of biotic and abiotic factors. Among biotic components, plant functional types selectively modulate microbial communities through root exudate specificity, while soil fauna (e.g., nematodes and earthworms) drive microbial interaction networks via biophysical disturbances and trophic cascades. However, excessive nematode grazing suppresses the hyphal extension of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). Moderate grazing facilitates the proliferation of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria through fecal input, whereas intensive grazing induces topsoil compaction, leading to a dramatic 40\u201360% reduction in lipopolysaccharide content in Gram-negative bacteria. Long-term chemical fertilization significantly decreases the fungal-to-bacterial ratio, while organic amendments enhance microbial carbon use efficiency by activating extracellular enzymatic activities. Regarding abiotic factors, the stoichiometric characteristics of soil carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus directly regulate microbial metabolic strategies. Hydrological dynamics influence microbial respiratory pathways through oxygen partial pressure shifts\u2014drought stress inhibits mycelial network development. Future research should focus on predicting the emissions of gases such as N2O (ozone monomer) and optimizing nitrogen fertilizer management to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions at the source. The soil organic carbon storage in grassland ecosystems is extremely large. Effective prediction and management can make these soils become important carbon \u201csinks\u201d, offsetting the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. At the same time, transcriptomics and metabolic flux analysis should be combined with multi-omics technologies and in situ labeling methods to provide theoretical basis and technical support for developing mechanism-based and predictable grassland restoration and adaptive management strategies from both macroscopic and microscopic perspectives.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13122645","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T09:50:26Z","timestamp":1763718626000},"page":"2645","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Biotic and Abiotic Factors on Rhizosphere Microorganisms in Grassland Ecosystems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9615-6251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bademu","family":"Qiqige","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"China Geological Survey Comprehensive Survey Command Center for Natural Resources, Beijing 100055, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuzhen","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Xining 810016, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Geological Survey Comprehensive Survey Command Center for Natural Resources, Beijing 100055, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Geological Survey Comprehensive Survey Command Center for Natural Resources, Beijing 100055, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7060-0261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weiwei","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Geological Survey Comprehensive Survey Command Center for Natural Resources, Beijing 100055, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Geological Survey Comprehensive Survey Command Center for Natural Resources, Beijing 100055, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dayou","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Geological Survey Comprehensive Survey Command Center for Natural Resources, Beijing 100055, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Geological Survey Comprehensive Survey Command Center for Natural Resources, Beijing 100055, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiuying","family":"Zhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuxuan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaosheng","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Geological Survey Comprehensive Survey Command Center for Natural Resources, Beijing 100055, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Geological Survey Comprehensive Survey Command Center for Natural Resources, Beijing 100055, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junsheng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Geological Survey Comprehensive Survey Command Center for Natural Resources, Beijing 100055, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s11104-007-9514-z","article-title":"A pioneer in rhizosphere microbial ecology and soil bacteriology research","volume":"312","author":"Hartmann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Plant Soil"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3629","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erw108","article-title":"The holistic rhizosphere: Integrating zones, processes, and semantics in the soil influenced by roots","volume":"67","author":"York","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. 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