{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T01:28:14Z","timestamp":1790040494309,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763942400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["32402248"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32402248"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006606","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["24JCQNJC00880"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24JCQNJC00880"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006606","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Acne vulgaris is a prevalent chronic inflammatory dermatosis primarily affecting the pilosebaceous units. Current therapeutic approaches often exhibit limited efficacy and high recurrence rates. To investigate the microbiome-related mechanisms of acne vulgaris, facial skin samples from 19 patients with moderate acne and 20 healthy individuals were analyzed using an integrated metagenomic and lipidomic profiling strategy. Metagenomic analysis revealed a significant reduction in microbial diversity (Chao index) in acne-affected skin compared to healthy controls (p &lt; 0.001). The relative abundance of Staphylococcus, particularly Staphylococcus epidermidis, was significantly elevated in acne group (p &lt; 0.05), while Cutibacterium acnes levels remained unchanged. Carbon metabolism pathways were enriched in the acne group (p &lt; 0.05), predominantly driven by Cutibacterium, whereas other enriched metabolic pathways, such as ABC transporters and glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism (p &lt; 0.05), showed a greater contribution from Staphylococcus. Virulence factors enriched in acne samples were primarily offensive in nature and largely attributed to Staphylococcus. Moreover, acne-associated microbiome exhibited a significantly higher prevalence of resistance genes against fluoroquinolones, fosfomycin, and triclosan (p &lt; 0.05). Untargeted lipidomic analysis demonstrated significantly elevated total serum and triglyceride levels, along with a reduction in fatty acid chain length and a higher degree of saturation compared to the healthy group (p &lt; 0.01). Specific triglycerides significantly enriched in the acne group, such as TG (15:0_14:0_16:0) + NH4, exhibited a significant positive correlation with Staphylococcus. This correlation is associated with elevated clinical erythema and melanin indices, suggesting that Staphylococcus is implicated in the development of acne-related inflammation. Additionally, Thermus exhibits negative correlations with acne-associated lipids and inflammatory parameters, potentially exerting a protective role. These findings suggest that Cutibacterium and Staphylococcus play differential yet synergistic roles in acne pathogenesis. The observed skin microbiome dysbiosis and lipid metabolic alterations provide novel insights into the pathophysiology of acne vulgaris, which may inform the development of targeted therapeutic strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13122674","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T08:50:20Z","timestamp":1764060620000},"page":"2674","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Integrated Metagenomic and Lipidomic Profiling Reveals Dysregulation of Facial Skin Microbiome in Moderate Acne Vulgaris"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Xiaoye","family":"Qi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, 9 TEDA 13th Street, Tianjin 300457, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhaoying","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, 9 TEDA 13th Street, Tianjin 300457, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, 9 TEDA 13th Street, Tianjin 300457, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongrui","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, 9 TEDA 13th Street, Tianjin 300457, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maoyuan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, 9 TEDA 13th Street, Tianjin 300457, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meichao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, 9 TEDA 13th Street, Tianjin 300457, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shengze","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, 9 TEDA 13th Street, Tianjin 300457, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingying","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, 9 TEDA 13th Street, Tianjin 300457, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongyan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, 9 TEDA 13th Street, Tianjin 300457, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0610-8827","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fuping","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, 9 TEDA 13th Street, Tianjin 300457, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huabing","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, 9 TEDA 13th Street, Tianjin 300457, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.20882","article-title":"Magnitude and temporal trend of acne vulgaris burden in 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019: An analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"186","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. 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