{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T18:55:34Z","timestamp":1789584934051,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764115200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Finance code 001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Finance code 001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["306396\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["306396\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Disinfectant tolerance in bacteria may be related to exposure to subinhibitory concentrations of disinfectants, which may activate efflux pumps capable of expelling antimicrobial compounds. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of disinfection on the presence of efflux pump genes and the resistance profile of Escherichia coli from commercial laying farms employing different disinfection protocols. The emrE, qacE, qacE\u03941, qacH, sugE(c), ydgE, ydgF, and class 1 integron (intl1) genes were investigated using PCR. Susceptibility to 17 antibiotics was assessed, including \u03b2-lactams, fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, and tetracyclines. Disinfectant exposure was significantly associated with higher frequencies of qacE and qacH, and a reduced frequency of ydgF. Moreover, resistance to ampicillin, trimethoprim\u2013sulfamethoxazole, and doxycycline was significantly more frequent in E. coli isolated from chickens exposed to disinfectants. These findings indicate that disinfectant use can select for E. coli carrying efflux pump genes and resistance genes, favoring the survival and dissemination of tolerant and resistant strains in poultry production. Continuous monitoring and the development of disinfection strategies that minimize selective pressures are crucial for limiting the spread of antimicrobial resistance at the animal\u2013human\u2013environment interface.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13122700","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T10:25:16Z","timestamp":1764239116000},"page":"2700","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Impact of Exposure to Disinfectants on Presence of Efflux Pump Genes and Antibiotic Resistance Profiles in Escherichia coli Isolates"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5163-0131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernanda Borges","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-270, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beatriz Rodrigues","family":"Takeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-270, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0974-4812","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriella Garcia Ilion","family":"Vicentini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-270, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5284-6502","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel","family":"Gandolfi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-270, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6142-6740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vict\u00f3ria Galdino Pavlenco","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-270, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4065-4979","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leticia Soares","family":"Franco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-270, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8545-1518","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcos Paulo Vieira","family":"Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-270, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7107-5710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Terezinha","family":"Kn\u00f6bl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-270, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"s151","article-title":"Aspectos pr\u00e1ticos sobre o uso de antimicrobianos em suinocultura","volume":"37","author":"Barcellos","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Sci. 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