{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T10:57:50Z","timestamp":1764241070921,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764201600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station Project","award":["MIN-16-141"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MIN-16-141"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The use of clinically important antibiotics in U.S. poultry production has decreased drastically over the past decade. They can only be used to treat diseases under the supervision of a veterinarian. Reducing antibiotic use, even for disease treatment, can improve the long-term sustainability of the industry. In the current study, we examined the effect of supplementation of a low dose of trans-cinnamaldehyde (TC; 0.03%), a GRAS-status plant-derived compound, with or without oxytetracycline (OTC; 16 \u03bcg\/mL), an anti-30S ribosomal subunit targeting antibiotic, on the multidrug-resistant (MDR) S. Heidelberg (SH) in turkey poults. Two independent experiments were conducted (N = 96). In each experiment, 48, straight-run, day-old, commercial Hybrid Converter turkey poults were randomly assigned to 6 treatments of 8 birds each: Negative Control [NC; \u2212SH, \u2212TC, \u2212OTC, \u22120.06% Miglyol (MIG, emulsifier for TC in water)], Positive Control (PC; +SH, \u2212TC, \u2212OTC, \u2212MIG), MIG Control (MIG; +SH, \u2212TC, \u2212OTC, +MIG), TC Group (TC; +SH, +TC, \u2212OTC, +MIG), OTC group (OTC; +SH, \u2212TC, +OTC, \u2212MIG), and TC+OTC group (TC+OTC; +SH, +TC, +OTC, +MIG). OTC was supplemented from day 1 through drinking water throughout the experiment. The birds in the TC and TC+OTC groups were supplemented with TC in their drinking water for 7 days post-challenge. All birds were challenged on day 7 with 6 log10 CFU of SH\/bird via crop gavage. On day 14, all birds were euthanized to collect the cecum, liver, and spleen for pathogen recovery. TC at 0.03% emulsified in MIG was highly effective in reducing MDR SH colonization in turkey poults (p &lt; 0.05) compared to the SH control (&gt;4.5 log10 CFU\/g reduction) on day 14. The OTC group reduced the pathogen load by 2.5 log10 CFU\/g by day 14. TC enhanced the effect of OTC, reducing pathogen load by ~3.9 log10 CFU\/g compared to the SH control after 7 days. TC significantly reduced SH invasion into the liver and spleen compared with the SH control on day 14. The results of the study indicate that TC at 0.03% can augment OTC at 16 \u03bcg\/mL for the treatment of MDR SH infection in poults and could be an industry-sustainable strategy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13122703","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T10:25:16Z","timestamp":1764239116000},"page":"2703","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Drinking Water Supplementation of trans-Cinnamaldehyde-Miglyol Microemulsions Reduces Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella Heidelberg in Turkey Poults and Augments the Antibacterial Effect of Oxytetracycline"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Divek V. T.","family":"Nair","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota\u2013Twin Cities, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4713-5506","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anup","family":"Kollanoor Johny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota\u2013Twin Cities, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dewi, G., Manjankattil, S., Peichel, C., Johnson, T.J., Noll, S., Cardona, C., and Kollanoor Johny, A. (2024). Combination of autochthonous Lactobacillus strains and trans-Cinnamaldehyde in water reduces Salmonella Heidelberg in turkey poults. Front. 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