{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T21:26:26Z","timestamp":1790803586228,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":166,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD), the most prevalent form of dementia, still lacks a clearly defined pathogenesis and effective disease-modifying therapies, prompting growing interest in peripheral drivers of neurodegeneration. Among these, chronic oral dysbiosis has emerged as a potential risk factor. Disruption of the oral ecosystem in periodontitis promotes systemic inflammation and the circulation of bacterial products capable of influencing brain homeostasis. By integrating molecular findings with epidemiological data linking periodontitis, tooth loss, and poor oral health to increased AD risk, this review examines how oral dysbiosis contributes to systemic inflammation as part of a broader network of interacting factors involved in AD pathophysiology. It describes how inflammatory, gut-microbial, genetic, and barrier-related processes intersect with oral dysbiosis and jointly contribute to the acceleration of AD progression. Building on this systemic perspective, the review highlights emerging oral biomarkers and oral\u2013gut microbiota-targeted therapies as potential tools to address current gaps in early diagnosis and intervention. Overall, this work advances current understanding by integrating previously fragmented evidence and highlighting the key conceptual and methodological gaps that must be addressed to clarify causality and to guide the development of preventive and therapeutic approaches targeting oral health in the context of AD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13122741","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T15:03:13Z","timestamp":1764687793000},"page":"2741","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["The Oral\u2013Brain Axis in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: From Microbial Dysbiosis to Neurodegeneration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8602-9986","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessia","family":"Felicetti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4910-7373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Domenico","family":"Azzolino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geriatric Unit, Medical Department, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pietro Paolo","family":"Piro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Catholic University of Sacred Hearth, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4977-5873","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel C\u00e9sar Dias","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, School of Science of Health, Logos University International (UNILOGOS), Miami, FL 33137, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, School of Science of Health, European International University, 75018 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Najmeh","family":"Rezaeinezhad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, University of Tehran, Tehran 1439957131, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Lovero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Pathology Unit, AOU Policlinico Consorziale di Bari-Ospedale Giovanni XXIII, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luisella","family":"Bocchio-Chiavetto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences (DiSTA), eCampus University, 22060 Novedrate, Italy"},{"name":"IRCCS Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, 25125 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0806-4327","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marica","family":"Colella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences (DiSTA), eCampus University, 22060 Novedrate, Italy"},{"name":"Section of Microbiology and Virology, Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pier Carmine","family":"Passarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Head and Neck and Sensory Organs, Division of Oral Surgery and Implantology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. 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