{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T22:53:40Z","timestamp":1780700020981,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764806400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Education and the Government of the Republic of Korea","award":["RS-2025-00520940"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2025-00520940"]}]},{"name":"King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","award":["ORF-2025-957"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ORF-2025-957"]}]},{"name":"Department of Agricultural, Food, and Environmental Sciences (D3A), Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche"},{"name":"Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, Algeria"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Staphylococcus aureus is a common foodborne pathogen, posing significant concern due to the emergence of its multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains. The aim of this study was to assess the antibiotic resistance profiles in S. aureus isolated from raw poultry, the associated resistance genes, and their ability to form biofilms. S. aureus was isolated and identified using conventional microbiological methods. Antimicrobial susceptibility profiles were assessed using the disk diffusion method, and biofilm-forming ability was evaluated using the microtiter plate assay. The presence of antimicrobial resistance genes was determined by PCR. A total of 45 isolates were isolated. High resistance rates were observed against penicillin (88.9%), tetracycline (86.7%) and doxycycline (66.7%). Of the isolates, 71.1% were classified as multidrug-resistant (MDR) organisms, and 60% exhibited a multiple antibiotic resistance index greater than 0.2. PCR analysis revealed the presence of the resistance genes blaZ (86.7%), mecA (27.3%), tet(M) (46.2%), tet(K) (35.9%), tet(S) (59%), erm(B) (51.9%), and erm(C) (59.3%). A total of 44 isolates were biofilm producers: 46.7% were weak producers, 46.7% were moderate producers, and 4.4% were strong producers. These findings highlight a significant public health concern, emphasizing the need for stringent hygiene practices and continuous monitoring to limit the spread of resistant pathogens through the food chain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13122764","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T15:14:06Z","timestamp":1764861246000},"page":"2764","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Emergence of Multidrug-Resistant and Biofilm-Producing Staphylococcus aureus from Raw Poultry in Algeria: Implications for Public Health"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4891-275X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Feryal","family":"Belfihadj","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, University of Ferhat Abbas Setif 1, Setif 19000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9456-957X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meriem","family":"Elkolli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, University of Ferhat Abbas Setif 1, Setif 19000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8474-117X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naouel","family":"Boussoualim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Biochemitry, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, University of Ferhat Abbas Setif 1, Setif 19000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amira","family":"Bourouba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cellular Toxicology, Badji Mokhtar-Annaba University, P.O. Box 12, Annaba 23000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2947-0930","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charefeddine","family":"Mouffok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Improvement and Development of Plant and Animal Production, University of Ferhat Abbas Setif 1, Setif 19000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryem","family":"Kraouia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural, Food, and Environmental Sciences (D3A), Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche (UNIVPM), Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vesna","family":"Milanovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural, Food, and Environmental Sciences (D3A), Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche (UNIVPM), Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4095-6181","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Osimani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural, Food, and Environmental Sciences (D3A), Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche (UNIVPM), Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucia","family":"Aquilanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural, Food, and Environmental Sciences (D3A), Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche (UNIVPM), Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6015-6125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad","family":"Raish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5478-765X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Byong-Hun","family":"Jeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyun-Jo","family":"Ahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yacine","family":"Benguerba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Biopharmacie et Pharmacotechnie (LBPT), University of Ferhat Abbas Setif 1, Setif 19000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szab\u00f3, \u00c1., Jerzsele, \u00c1., Kov\u00e1cs, L., and Kerek, \u00c1. 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