{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T17:01:32Z","timestamp":1764954092040,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764892800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"CAPES\u2014Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel","award":["88887.963998\/2024-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["88887.963998\/2024-0"]}]},{"name":"Federal Rural University of the Semi-Arid"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Milk is an important agricultural product and is consumed worldwide. However, the dairy sector faces a significant challenge due to bovine mastitis, a common disease that has a substantial impact on the dairy industry. In more severe cases, it leads to the culling of chronically infected cows. Mastitis poses a risk due to the frequent use of antibiotics in treatment, which contributes to the spread of bacteria with antimicrobial resistance. The present study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial and antibiofilm potential of a pyroligneous extract of Eucalyptus urograndis (clone I144) against multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, the causative agent of mastitis. Sensitivity profiles to various conventional antibiotics were assessed, including the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), and biofilm inhibition, in ten Staphylococcus aureus strains using the crystal violet method. The results showed that the multidrug-resistant strains were sensitive to the pyroligneous extract of Eucalyptus urograndis (clone I144) at a concentration of 12.5% and exhibited antibiofilm activity starting at a concentration of 3.13%. In conclusion, our findings show that the pyroligneous extract of Eucalyptus urograndis (clone I144), at 12.5%, inhibited different multidrug-resistant S. aureus and MRSA strains isolated from bovine mastitis. These results indicate that the extract represents an effective preventive strategy against mastitis-causing pathogens that are difficult to treat, making it a promising alternative to reduce the dependence on synthetic antibiotics. In vivo studies are needed to confirm these findings and provide a basis for evidence-based clinical guidelines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13122771","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T16:37:02Z","timestamp":1764952622000},"page":"2771","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluation of Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activity of Eucalyptus urograndis (Clone I144) Pyroligneous Extract on Bovine Mastitis Isolate of Multiple-Drug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Strains"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6729-2691","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isadora Karoline","family":"de Melo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Agrarian Sciences, Federal Rural University of the Semi-Arid\u2014UFERSA, Av. Francisco Mota, 572, Bairro Costa e Silva, Mossor\u00f3 59625-900, RN, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9133-1857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caio Sergio","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Agrarian Sciences, Federal Rural University of the Semi-Arid\u2014UFERSA, Av. Francisco Mota, 572, Bairro Costa e Silva, Mossor\u00f3 59625-900, RN, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nilza Dutra","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Agrarian Sciences, Federal Rural University of the Semi-Arid\u2014UFERSA, Av. Francisco Mota, 572, Bairro Costa e Silva, Mossor\u00f3 59625-900, RN, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gustavo Lopes","family":"Araujo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Agrarian Sciences, Federal Rural University of the Semi-Arid\u2014UFERSA, Av. Francisco Mota, 572, Bairro Costa e Silva, Mossor\u00f3 59625-900, RN, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aline Maciel","family":"Clarindo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Agrarian Sciences, Federal Rural University of the Semi-Arid\u2014UFERSA, Av. Francisco Mota, 572, Bairro Costa e Silva, Mossor\u00f3 59625-900, RN, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2134-2080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandre Santos","family":"Pimenta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Forest Sciences\u2014PPGCFL, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Rodovia RN 160, km 03 s\/n, Distrito de Jundia\u00ed, Maca\u00edba 59280-000, RN, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6376-8223","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Denny Parente de S\u00e1","family":"Barreto Maia Leite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Federal Rural of Pernambuco, Recife 52171-900, PE, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rinaldo Aparecido","family":"Mota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Federal Rural of Pernambuco, Recife 52171-900, PE, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7941-8949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco Marlon","family":"Carneiro Feij\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Agrarian Sciences, Federal Rural University of the Semi-Arid\u2014UFERSA, Av. Francisco Mota, 572, Bairro Costa e Silva, Mossor\u00f3 59625-900, RN, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) (2023). Dairy Market Review: Emerging Trends and Outlook in 2023, FAO."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9493","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2018-14824","article-title":"Pathogen-specific production losses in bovine mastitis","volume":"101","author":"Perkins","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vas.2023.100306","article-title":"Bovine mastitis, a worldwide impact disease: Prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, and viable alternative approaches","volume":"21","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet. Anim. 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