{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T02:39:04Z","timestamp":1789439944719,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764892800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Higher education of Russian Federation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We investigated the effects of vancomycin, estradiol, ethanol, and their combinations on the growth of mono- and binary-species biofilms of Lactobacillus paracasei and Staphylococcus aureus. It was found that vancomycin at a subinhibitory concentration of 0.001 \u00b5g\/mL, estradiol, and ethanol acted antagonistically in all cases. This effect was observed across all strains studied. Furthermore, the effects of the active compounds were evident at population, cellular and molecular levels, and were reflected in changes to the count of colony-forming units (CFUs), gene expression, and the physiological and biochemical characteristics of cells (e.g., lipid composition of membranes and the extracellular matrix). Therefore, at subinhibitory concentrations of vancomycin in the medium, estradiol can modulate the antibiotic\u2019s effect on biofilms, thereby regulating deeply microbial communities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13122777","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T16:37:02Z","timestamp":1764952622000},"page":"2777","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Estradiol Modulates the Sensitivity to Vancomycin of Lactobacillus paracasei and Staphylococcus aureus Biofilms\u2014Constituents of Human Skin and Vaginal Microbiota"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Anna M.","family":"Mosolova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Research Center \u2018Fundamentals of Biotechnology\u2019 of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117312, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadezhda A.","family":"Loginova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Research Center \u2018Fundamentals of Biotechnology\u2019 of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117312, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ecaterina V.","family":"Diuvenji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Research Center \u2018Fundamentals of Biotechnology\u2019 of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117312, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2496-6533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Artem G.","family":"Chebotarevskii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Research Center \u2018Fundamentals of Biotechnology\u2019 of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117312, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina V.","family":"Sukhacheva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Research Center \u2018Fundamentals of Biotechnology\u2019 of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117312, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergey V.","family":"Tsibulnikov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov University, Moscow 119991, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2761-5323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Polina Y.","family":"Bikmulina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov University, Moscow 119991, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3258-7961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vera M.","family":"Tereshina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Research Center \u2018Fundamentals of Biotechnology\u2019 of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117312, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7344-4126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena A.","family":"Ianutsevich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Research Center \u2018Fundamentals of Biotechnology\u2019 of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117312, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olga A.","family":"Danilova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Research Center \u2018Fundamentals of Biotechnology\u2019 of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117312, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6212-4913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandra S.","family":"Novikova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LLC \u2018BAVAR+\u2019, Moscow 129626, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6619-4213","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vladimir K.","family":"Plakunov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Research Center \u2018Fundamentals of Biotechnology\u2019 of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117312, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergey V.","family":"Martyanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Research Center \u2018Fundamentals of Biotechnology\u2019 of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117312, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2803-3037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander I.","family":"Netrusov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8357-7205","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrei V.","family":"Gannesen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Research Center \u2018Fundamentals of Biotechnology\u2019 of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117312, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"203","article-title":"The gut-brain axis: Interactions between enteric microbiota, central and enteric nervous systems","volume":"28","author":"Carabotti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. 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