{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T21:31:21Z","timestamp":1784323881279,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765152000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Zhejiang Technology Collaboration Project of \u201cSan Nong Jiu Fang\u201d","award":["2024SNJF051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024SNJF051"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Technology Collaboration Project of \u201cJian Bing Ling Yan\u201d","award":["2024C02005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024C02005"]}]},{"name":"Huzhou Municipal Public Welfare Applied Research Project","award":["2022GZ31"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022GZ31"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["32303057"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32303057"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["ZCLQ24C1901"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZCLQ24C1901"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nocardia seriolae infection poses a serious threat to largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) aquaculture, owing to the lack of effective control strategies. This study investigated the antibacterial effects and underlying mechanisms of Macleaya cordata alkaloids\u2014sanguinarine (SE) and chelerythrine (CHE)\u2014against N. seriolae through integrated physiological and transcriptomic approaches. Results showed SE and CHE exhibited strong in vitro antibacterial activity, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 62.5 and 7.8 \u03bcg\/mL, respectively. In vivo trials revealed that dietary supplementation with either alkaloid significantly enhanced the survival of infected fish, yielding relative percent survival (RPS) values of 34.5% for SE and 40.0% for CHE. Concurrently, both treatments reduced bacterial load and alleviated granulomatous pathology in multiple organs, including the liver, spleen, and kidney. Physiological analyses revealed severe damage to the cell envelope, as evidenced by increased membrane permeability and structural disintegration observed under transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Transcriptomic profiling identified 3708 and 5095 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the SE- and CHE-treated groups, respectively, with notable downregulation of key genes involved in peptidoglycan biosynthesis, the citrate cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, and the pentose phosphate pathways. These findings demonstrate that SE and CHE inhibit N. seriolae through a multi-target mechanism simultaneously disrupting cell envelope integrity and energy production, laying the groundwork for their development as eco-friendly aquaculture therapeutics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13122790","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T09:17:36Z","timestamp":1765185456000},"page":"2790","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Macleaya cordata Alkaloids Sanguinarine and Chelerythrine Inhibit Nocardia seriolae by Disrupting Cell Envelope Integrity and Energy Metabolism: Insights from Transcriptomic Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Lei","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Healthy Freshwater Aquaculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Fish Health and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Fishery Environment and Aquatic Product Quality and Safety of Huzhou City, Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries (Zhejiang Freshwater Fishery Environmental Monitoring Station), Huzhou 313000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xue","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Healthy Freshwater Aquaculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Fish Health and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Fishery Environment and Aquatic Product Quality and Safety of Huzhou City, Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries (Zhejiang Freshwater Fishery Environmental Monitoring Station), Huzhou 313000, China"},{"name":"Life Science College, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kuan","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Healthy Freshwater Aquaculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Fish Health and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Fishery Environment and Aquatic Product Quality and Safety of Huzhou City, Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries (Zhejiang Freshwater Fishery Environmental Monitoring Station), Huzhou 313000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0702-7890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuemei","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Healthy Freshwater Aquaculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Fish Health and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Fishery Environment and Aquatic Product Quality and Safety of Huzhou City, Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries (Zhejiang Freshwater Fishery Environmental Monitoring Station), Huzhou 313000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7143-8307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xianqi","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Healthy Freshwater Aquaculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Fish Health and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Fishery Environment and Aquatic Product Quality and Safety of Huzhou City, Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries (Zhejiang Freshwater Fishery Environmental Monitoring Station), Huzhou 313000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7395-716X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Healthy Freshwater Aquaculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Fish Health and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Fishery Environment and Aquatic Product Quality and Safety of Huzhou City, Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries (Zhejiang Freshwater Fishery Environmental Monitoring Station), Huzhou 313000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xialian","family":"Bu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Healthy Freshwater Aquaculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Fish Health and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Fishery Environment and Aquatic Product Quality and Safety of Huzhou City, Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries (Zhejiang Freshwater Fishery Environmental Monitoring Station), Huzhou 313000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Healthy Freshwater Aquaculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Fish Health and Nutrition of Zhejiang 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Station), Huzhou 313000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.3354\/dao03517","article-title":"Nocardia seriolae: A serious threat to the largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides industry in Southwest China","volume":"142","author":"Lei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dis. 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