{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T00:06:30Z","timestamp":1790381190736,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765238400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"JSPS KAKENHI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["24K22251"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24K22251"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"JSPS KAKENHI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["25K00743"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25K00743"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002770","name":"Bio-oriented Technology Research Advancement Institution","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JPJ009237"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPJ009237"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002770","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002241","name":"JST SPRING","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JPMJSP2113"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMJSP2113"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002241","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ultraviolet (UV) disinfection is a powerful method for inactivating viruses. However, comparative wavelength-dependent sensitivities among human viruses and bacteriophages remain poorly characterized. Here, we evaluated the virucidal efficiencies of UV-light emitting diode (UV-LED) against multiple coliphages (MS2, Q\u03b2, PhiX174, and T1) and mammalian viruses, including respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human metapneumovirus (HMPV). We used a standardized irradiation system equipped with interchangeable UV-LED modules (250\u2013365 nm), a low-pressure mercury lamp (254 nm), and a filtered krypton-chloride excimer lamp (222 nm). All coliphages exhibited wavelength-dependent inactivation with maximal efficiency at 263\u2013270 nm, closely matching the action spectra of RSV and HMPV (r &gt; 0.94, p &lt; 0.001). However, their absolute UV sensitivities were markedly lower: under 254\u2013281 nm irradiation. RSV and HMPV were approximately 21 and 12 times more sensitive than MS2, respectively. In contrast, far-UVC (222 nm) irradiation reduced these differences, indicating simultaneous damage to viral genomes and structural proteins. These results demonstrated that coliphages and human viruses exhibit similar wavelength-dependent sensitivity to UV-LED irradiation but differ in their absolute susceptibility. Therefore, while coliphages can be conservative surrogates for evaluating UV-LED virucidal performance, their applicability to far-UVC assessments should be interpreted with caution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13122798","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T09:02:50Z","timestamp":1765270970000},"page":"2798","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Evaluation and Comparison of the UV-LED Action Spectra for Photochemical Disinfection of Coliphages and Human Pathogenic Viruses"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2880-3801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kazuaki","family":"Mawatari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Environment and Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima-City 770-8503, Tokushima, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Microbial Control, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima-City 770-8503, Tokushima, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yushi","family":"Onoda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Environment and Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima-City 770-8503, Tokushima, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Microbial Control, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima-City 770-8503, Tokushima, Japan"},{"name":"Nichia Corporation, Anan-City 774-8601, Tokushima, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasuko","family":"Kadomura-Ishikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Environment and Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima-City 770-8503, Tokushima, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Microbial Control, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima-City 770-8503, Tokushima, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takahiro","family":"Emoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Science and Technology, Tokushima University, Tokushima-City 770-8506, Tokushima, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Momoka","family":"Yamaguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Environment and Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima-City 770-8503, Tokushima, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nozomi","family":"Hirano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Environment and Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima-City 770-8503, Tokushima, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sae","family":"Toda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Environment and Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima-City 770-8503, Tokushima, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mina","family":"Matsubara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Environment and Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima-City 770-8503, Tokushima, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takashi","family":"Uebanso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Environment and Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima-City 770-8503, Tokushima, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Microbial Control, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima-City 770-8503, Tokushima, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toshihiko","family":"Aizawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nichia Corporation, Anan-City 774-8601, Tokushima, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shigeharu","family":"Yamauchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nichia Corporation, Anan-City 774-8601, Tokushima, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasuo","family":"Fujikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nichia Corporation, Anan-City 774-8601, Tokushima, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomotake","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nichia Corporation, Anan-City 774-8601, Tokushima, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lyles School of Civil & Construction Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0588-2220","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo","family":"Suarez-Lopez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard J.","family":"Kuhn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4561-8635","authenticated-orcid":false,"suffix":"III","given":"Ernest R.","family":"Blatchley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lyles School of 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