{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T02:38:00Z","timestamp":1790735880184,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765843200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), including Crohn\u2019s disease and ulcerative colitis (UC), are characterized by chronic gastrointestinal inflammation and involve complex interactions of genetic, environmental, and immune factors. Enterococcus faecalis, a gut commensal bacterium, has been implicated in IBD pathogenesis. This study investigated the effects of monocolonization with a UC-derived E. faecalis strain on acute dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in germ-free (GF) mice, focusing on epithelial injury, inflammatory markers, hematologic indices, and bacterial translocation. In DSS-treated mice, monocolonization was associated with modest and mixed effects, including a higher colitis-related disease activity score, reduced anemia, increased fecal albumin and a trend towards reduced fecal calprotectin. Despite translocation of E. faecalis to mesenteric lymph nodes, no systemic dissemination was observed. Histological analysis revealed broadly similar inflammatory patterns between DSS-treated groups, with slightly more epithelial injury observed in colonized mice. These findings suggest that E. faecalis may influence discrete aspects of DSS injury in a strain-dependent and context-specific manner, rather than broadly altering overall disease severity. This study highlights the utility of GF models for examining strain-specific host\u2013microbe interactions and underscores that individual bacterial isolates may exert heterogeneous and selective effects on acute colitis. Further research is needed to elucidate these complex mechanisms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13122864","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T15:41:12Z","timestamp":1765899672000},"page":"2864","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Modulation of Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Colitis in Germ-Free Mice by Enterococcus faecalis Monocolonization"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7934-4751","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beate","family":"Vestad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian PSC Research Center, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Division of Surgery and Specialized Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Division of Surgery and Specialized Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, 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