{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]],"date-time":"2025-12-26T04:50:31Z","timestamp":1766724631536,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766102400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022-04223"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-04223"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Groupe de recherche sur les maladies infectieuses en production animale"},{"name":"Centre de recherche en infectiologie porcine et avicole"},{"name":"Agria foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis (SDSE) has historically been recognized as a human pathogen, yet \u03b2-hemolytic streptococci consistent with SDSE have been documented in pigs for nearly a century. To investigate the population structure of porcine SDSE and the phylogenetic relationships between swine and human strains, we characterized 41 isolates recovered from diseased pigs in Quebec, Canada (2019\u20132022). Infected animals spanned all major production stages and frequently presented with invasive disease, including arthritis, endocarditis, and sudden death. Core-genome phylogenetics resolved two heterogeneous porcine clades separated by long internal branches and clearly distinct from dominant human SDSE lineages. Most porcine isolates were emm-negative or contained structurally altered emm regions compared with human strains. Analysis of Lancefield antigen loci identified a predominant group C lineage and a minority group L lineage, recapitulating historical serogroup distributions described since the early-20th century. Phenotypic testing showed susceptibility to \u03b2-lactams and florfenicol but high levels of resistance to tetracycline, macrolides and lincosamides. Detected antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes correlated well with phenotypes, and multidrug resistance was frequent. Hybrid genome assemblies revealed integrative and mobilizable elements carrying AMR determinants. Collectively, our data indicate that porcine SDSE represents a long-standing, genetically structured, host-adapted population with notable AMR potential, underscoring the need for continued swine SDSE genomic surveillance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms14010009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T12:05:35Z","timestamp":1766145935000},"page":"9","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Streptococcus\u00a0dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis from Diseased Pigs Are Genetically Distinct from Human Strains and Associated with Multidrug Resistance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1181-7419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fengyang","family":"Hsu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Groupe de recherche sur les maladies infectieuses en production animale (GREMIP), Facult\u00e9 de m\u00e9decine v\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada"},{"name":"Centre de recherche en infectiologie porcine et avicole (CRIPA), Facult\u00e9 de m\u00e9decine v\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-5165-6966","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kayleigh","family":"Gauvin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Groupe de recherche sur les maladies infectieuses en production animale (GREMIP), Facult\u00e9 de m\u00e9decine v\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada"},{"name":"Centre de recherche en infectiologie porcine et avicole (CRIPA), Facult\u00e9 de m\u00e9decine v\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1063-7983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Groupe de recherche sur les maladies infectieuses en production animale (GREMIP), Facult\u00e9 de m\u00e9decine v\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada"},{"name":"Centre de recherche en infectiologie porcine et avicole (CRIPA), Facult\u00e9 de m\u00e9decine v\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5920-9819","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julie-H\u00e9l\u00e8ne","family":"Fairbrother","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Groupe de recherche sur les maladies infectieuses en production animale (GREMIP), Facult\u00e9 de m\u00e9decine v\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada"},{"name":"Complexe de diagnostic et d\u2019\u00e9pid\u00e9miosurveillance v\u00e9t\u00e9rinaires du Qu\u00e9bec, Minist\u00e8re de l\u2019Agriculture, des P\u00eacheries et de l\u2019Alimentation du Qu\u00e9bec, St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2116-2602","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jared","family":"Simpson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada"},{"name":"Genetics and Genome Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1E8, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2196-2212","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcelo","family":"Gottschalk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Groupe de recherche sur les maladies infectieuses en production animale (GREMIP), Facult\u00e9 de m\u00e9decine v\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada"},{"name":"Centre de recherche en infectiologie porcine et avicole (CRIPA), Facult\u00e9 de m\u00e9decine v\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9553-3798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nahuel","family":"Fittipaldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Groupe de recherche sur les maladies infectieuses en production animale (GREMIP), Facult\u00e9 de m\u00e9decine v\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada"},{"name":"Centre de recherche en infectiologie porcine et avicole (CRIPA), Facult\u00e9 de m\u00e9decine v\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1086\/605085","article-title":"Human infections due to Streptococcus dysgalactiae subspecies equisimilis","volume":"49","author":"Brandt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. 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