{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T18:01:06Z","timestamp":1790791266561,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,21]],"date-time":"2025-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766275200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a disorder of gut-brain interaction (DGBI), whose exact etiology remains unclear. The \u201cbrain\u2013gut-microbiota axis\u201d proved to be a key target in IBS management and there is strong evidence supporting the use of probiotics for improving overall symptoms both in adults and in children. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating the effects of probiotic supplementation in pediatric patients diagnosed with IBS according to Rome III or IV criteria. Scopus, PubMed, and Cochrane Library were the available databases systematically searched up to February 2025. Six RCTs with 604 participants were included in the final systematic review. Three RCTs provided data from which the meta-analysis demonstrated that probiotic supplementation has a significant effect on reducing abdominal pain in patients with IBS (SMD \u22120.95, 95% CI \u22121.63 to \u22120.27). Other three RCTs reported data on the effects on stool consistency, and their meta-analysis proved that supplementation results in stool consistency normalization in patients with diarrhea or constipation (OR 2.17, 95% CI 1.18 to 4). The present meta-analysis demonstrated that probiotic supplementation can reduce abdominal pain in pediatric patients with IBS and provide significant bowel habit normalization in patients with diarrhea or constipation at baseline compared to placebo.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms14010023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T08:35:27Z","timestamp":1766392527000},"page":"23","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Efficacy and Safety of Probiotics in Children with Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4903-8718","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marisa","family":"Piccirillo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Pediatric Unit, Sant\u2019Andrea University Hospital, 00189 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9760-0245","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erika","family":"Renzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7846-672X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Corrado","family":"De Vito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4000-6004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maurizio","family":"Mennini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Pediatric Unit, Sant\u2019Andrea University Hospital, 00189 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giacomo","family":"Giarrusso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Pediatric Unit, Sant\u2019Andrea University Hospital, 00189 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giorgia","family":"Gallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Pediatric Unit, Sant\u2019Andrea University Hospital, 00189 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6729-5630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanna","family":"Quatrale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Pediatric Unit, Sant\u2019Andrea University Hospital, 00189 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7247-0092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Bianchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Pediatric Unit, Sant\u2019Andrea University Hospital, 00189 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Graziani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Pediatric Unit, Sant\u2019Andrea University Hospital, 00189 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Caron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Pediatric Unit, Sant\u2019Andrea University Hospital, 00189 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3854-9299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Ferretti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Pediatric Unit, Sant\u2019Andrea University Hospital, 00189 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9042-8120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pasquale","family":"Parisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Pediatric Unit, Sant\u2019Andrea University Hospital, 00189 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9026-7758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni Di","family":"Nardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Pediatric Unit, Sant\u2019Andrea University Hospital, 00189 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Pediatric Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Department of Pediatric Specialties, Santobono Pausilipon Children\u2019s Hospital, 80129 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Hyams, J.S., Di Lorenzo, C., Saps, M., Shulman, R.J., Staiano, A., and van Tilburg, M. (2016). Functional Disorders: Children and Adolescents. Gastroenterology, Epub ahead of printing."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2211","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v24.i21.2211","article-title":"Irritable bowel syndrome in children: Current knowledge, challenges and opportunities","volume":"24","author":"Devanarayana","year":"2018","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e393","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-2764","article-title":"An epidemiologic study of irritable bowel syndrome in adolescents and children in China: A school-based study","volume":"116","author":"Liu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.5056\/jnm.2013.19.1.90","article-title":"The incidence of irritable bowel syndrome in children using the Rome III criteria and the effect of trimebutine treatment","volume":"19","author":"Karabulut","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2017.28.93.11512","article-title":"Irritable bowel syndrome in adolescents in Lagos","volume":"28","author":"Adeniyi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pan Afr. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.5056\/jnm.2012.18.3.298","article-title":"Subtypes and Symptomatology of Irritable Bowel Syndrome in Children and Adolescents: A School-based Survey Using Rome III Criteria","volume":"18","author":"Rajindrajith","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2013.12.043","article-title":"Subtypes of irritable bowel syndrome in children: Prevalence at diagnosis and at follow-up","volume":"164","author":"Giannetti","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Devanarayana, N.M., Rajindrajith, S., and Benninga, M.A. (2014). Quality of life and health care consultation in 13 to 18 year olds with abdominal pain predominant functional gastrointestinal diseases. BMC Gastroenterol., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-230X-14-150"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ranasinghe, N., Devanarayana, N.M., Rajindrajith, S., Perera, M.S., Nishanthinie, S., Warnakulasuriya, T., and de Zoysa, P.T. (2018). Functional gastrointestinal diseases and psychological maladjustment, personality traits and quality of life. BMC Gastroenterol., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-018-0760-8"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2012.07257.x","article-title":"Functional gastrointestinal disorders in adolescents and quality of school life","volume":"28","author":"Sagawa","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1097\/00004703-200612000-00001","article-title":"Health-related quality of life in pediatric patients with irritable bowel syndrome: A comparative analysis","volume":"27","author":"Varni","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Dev. Behav. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.12542","article-title":"Inpatient burden of childhood functional GI disorders in the USA: An analysis of national trends in the USA from 1997 to 2009","volume":"27","author":"Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2015.07.058","article-title":"Annual Costs of Care for Pediatric Irritable Bowel Syndrome, Functional Abdominal Pain, and Functional Abdominal Pain Syndrome","volume":"167","author":"Hoekman","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-0227","article-title":"Pain symptoms and stooling patterns do not drive diagnostic costs for children with functional abdominal pain and irritable bowel syndrome in primary or tertiary care","volume":"123","author":"Lane","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2014.01.031","article-title":"Subtypes of irritable bowel syndrome in children and adolescents","volume":"12","author":"Self","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lacy, B.E., and Patel, N.K. (2017). Rome Criteria and a Diagnostic Approach to Irritable Bowel Syndrome. J. Clin. Med., 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm6110099"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2566","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1607547","article-title":"Irritable Bowel Syndrome","volume":"376","author":"Ford","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1111\/1574-6941.12184","article-title":"Instability of the faecal microbiota in diarrhoea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"86","author":"Artacho","year":"2013","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"otab040","DOI":"10.1093\/crocol\/otab040","article-title":"Pain in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Optogenetic Strategies for Study of Neural-Epithelial Signaling","volume":"360","author":"Najjar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1080\/17474124.2017.1269601","article-title":"The possible role of gastrointestinal endocrine cells in the pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"11","author":"Hausken","year":"2017","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6013","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i20.6013","article-title":"Irritable bowel syndrome in children: Pathogenesis, diagnosis and evidence-based treatment","volume":"20","author":"Sandhu","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16068","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000016068","article-title":"Efficacy of different probiotic protocols in irritable bowel syndrome: A network meta-analysis","volume":"98","author":"Ding","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2023.07.018","article-title":"Efficacy of Probiotics in Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"165","author":"Goodoory","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, H.L., Zou, L.L., Chen, M.B., Wang, H., Shen, W.M., Zheng, Q.H., and Cui, W.Y. (2021). Efficacy of probiotic adjuvant therapy for irritable bowel syndrome in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0255160"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1007\/s12519-022-00516-6","article-title":"Effects of probiotic supplementation on abdominal pain severity in pediatric patients with irritable bowel syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials","volume":"18","author":"Fatahi","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Higgins, J.P.T., Thomas, J., Chandler, J., Cumpston, M., Li, T., and Page, M.J. (2024). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 6.5, Cochrane."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L4898","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l4898","article-title":"RoB 2: A revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials","volume":"366","author":"Sterne","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"1255","article-title":"Probiotic for irritable bowel syndrome in pediatric patients: A randomized controlled clinical trial","volume":"7","author":"Kianifar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Electron. Physician"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.3920\/BM2017.0129","article-title":"Efficacy of Bacillus coagulans Unique IS2 in treatment of irritable bowel syndrome in children: A double blind, randomised placebo controlled study","volume":"9","author":"Sudha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Benef. Microbes"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s40272-022-00536-9","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of the Adjuvant Use of Probiotic Bacillus clausii Strains in Pediatric Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study","volume":"25","author":"Robles","year":"2023","journal-title":"Paediatr. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giorgio, V., Quatrale, G., Mennini, M., Piccirillo, M., Furio, S., Stella, G., Ferretti, A., Parisi, P., Evangelisti, M., and Felici, E. (2025). Bifidobacterium adolescentis PRL2019 in Pediatric Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Multicentric, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Microorganisms, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13030627"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.3345\/cep.2019.01613","article-title":"Evaluating the effects of probiotics in pediatrics with recurrent abdominal pain","volume":"63","author":"Rahmani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0000000000000528","article-title":"A Mixture of 3 Bifidobacteria Decreases Abdominal Pain and Improves the Quality of Life in Children with Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Trial","volume":"51","author":"Giannetti","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.2146\/ajhp090168","article-title":"Probiotics","volume":"67","author":"Williams","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Health-Syst. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1626","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1207068","article-title":"Peripheral mechanisms in irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"367","author":"Camilleri","year":"2012","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2018.04.003","article-title":"The Brain-Gut-Microbiome Axis","volume":"6","author":"Martin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-024-01607-y","article-title":"Italian guidelines for the management of irritable bowel syndrome in children and adolescents: Joint Consensus from the Italian Societies of: Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Pediatric Nutrition (SIGENP), Pediatrics (SIP), Gastroenterology and Endoscopy (SIGE) and Neurogastroenterology and Motility (SINGEM)","volume":"50","author":"Barbara","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ital. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2022.11.015","article-title":"Italian guidelines for the management of irritable bowel syndrome: Joint Consensus from the Italian Societies of: Gastroenterology and Endoscopy (SIGE), Neurogastroenterology and Motility (SINGEM), Hospital Gastroenterologists and Endoscopists (AIGO), Digestive Endoscopy (SIED), General Medicine (SIMG), Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Pediatric Nutrition (SIGENP) and Pediatrics (SIP)","volume":"55","author":"Barbara","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16093","DOI":"10.1038\/nmicrobiol.2016.93","article-title":"Colonic transit time is related to bacterial metabolism and mucosal turnover in the gut","volume":"1","author":"Roager","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.4240\/wjgs.v13.i9.923","article-title":"How can probiotic improve irritable bowel syndrome symptoms?","volume":"13","author":"Gobin","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J. Gastrointest. Surg."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.09.049","article-title":"Identification of an Intestinal Microbiota Signature Associated with Severity of Irritable Bowel Syndrome","volume":"152","author":"Tap","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12693","DOI":"10.1038\/srep12693","article-title":"Reduction of butyrate- and methane-producing microorganisms in patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome","volume":"5","author":"Pozuelo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2193","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0711891105","article-title":"Commensal microbiota is fundamental for the development of inflammatory pain","volume":"105","author":"Amaral","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2015.04.011","article-title":"Quantification and Potential Functions of Endogenous Agonists of Transient Receptor Potential Channels in Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome","volume":"149","author":"Cenac","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaal2171","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.aal2171","article-title":"5-oxoETE triggers nociception in constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome through MAS-related G protein-coupled receptor D","volume":"11","author":"Bautzova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Signal."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2006.11.039","article-title":"Mast cell-dependent excitation of visceral-nociceptive sensory neurons in irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"132","author":"Barbara","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3201","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.14271","article-title":"Fecal Clostridiales distribution and short-chain fatty acids reflect bowel habits in irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"20","author":"Gargari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.11.050","article-title":"Lactobacillus and bifidobacterium in irritable bowel syndrome: Symptom responses and relationship to cytokine profiles","volume":"128","author":"McCarthy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5308","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.9.5308-5314.2004","article-title":"Live Lactobacillus rhamnosus [corrected] is essential for the inhibitory effect on tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced interleukin-8 expression","volume":"72","author":"Ma","year":"2004","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1097\/00004836-200603000-00020","article-title":"Probiotics and irritable bowel syndrome: Rationale, putative mechanisms, and evidence of clinical efficacy","volume":"40","author":"Camilleri","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1097\/00042737-199602000-00005","article-title":"Serum 7 alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one and selenohomocholyltaurine (SeHCAT) whole body retention in the assessment of bile acid induced diarrhoea","volume":"8","author":"Brydon","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2007.01072.x","article-title":"The degree of breath methane production in IBS correlates with the severity of constipation","volume":"102","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2008.03853.x","article-title":"Clinical trial: The effects of a fermented milk product containing Bifidobacterium lactis DN-173 010 on abdominal distension and gastrointestinal transit in irritable bowel syndrome with constipation","volume":"29","author":"Agrawal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101154","article-title":"Strain-specific and outcome-specific efficacy of probiotics for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"41","author":"McFarland","year":"2021","journal-title":"eClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000003633","article-title":"Probiotics for the management of pediatric gastrointestinal disorders: Position paper of the ESPGHAN Special Interest Group on Gut Microbiota and Modifications","volume":"76","author":"Szajewska","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/14\/1\/23\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T08:48:53Z","timestamp":1766393333000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/14\/1\/23"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,21]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms14010023"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms14010023","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,21]]}}}