{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:56:35Z","timestamp":1787028995669,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766448000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007628","name":"Research Fund of Bursa Uludag University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TGA-2024-1716"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TGA-2024-1716"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007628","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Co-infections are increasingly recognized as drivers of disease in ornamental fish, yet their genomic underpinnings and zoonotic implications remain underexplored compared to farmed species. Leveraging a One Health perspective, we investigated an acute mortality event in koi carp and characterized a co-infection by opportunistic aquatic bacteria that are also implicated in human disease. We isolated Aeromonas veronii and Shewanella sp. from a moribund koi using culture, biochemical assays, and MALDI-TOF MS, then generated draft genomes and performed orthology (OrthoVenn3), pathway annotation (KEGG BlastKOALA\/Mapper), secondary-metabolite mining (antiSMASH), and virulence\/resistome screening (VFDB\/CARD), complemented by antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Clinically, affected fish showed dropsy\/ascites, scale loss, abnormal buoyancy, and reduced activity. Phylogenomics positioned A. veronii Koi-2 within the A. veronii complex near species thresholds (ANI ~96.1%; dDDH ~70.2%), while Shewanella sp. Koi-1 formed a distinct lineage below accepted cut-offs relative to S. seohaensis (ANI ~95.9%; dDDH ~67.6%). The virulome comprised 194 loci in A. veronii Koi-2 and 152 in Shewanella sp. Koi-1 is enriched for adhesion, secretion, iron uptake, and immune-evasion functions. Genotype\u2013phenotype agreement was high for multidrug resistance: Shewanella sp. encoded OXA-436 and rsmA, matching \u03b2-lactam resistance and reduced fluoroquinolone\/phenicol susceptibility, whereas A. veronii carried tet(A), OXA-1157, cphA3, sul1, and aadA3 consistent with tetracycline, \u03b2-lactam, sulfonamide, and aminoglycoside resistance profiles. In conclusion, genome-resolved diagnostics confirmed a mixed Aeromonas\u2013Shewanella co-infection with broad virulence potential and convergent resistance mechanisms, supporting the routine use of genomics to distinguish single- versus mixed-agent disease and to guide dual-coverage, mechanism-aware therapy in ornamental fish medicine while informing zoonotic risk mitigation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms14010036","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T14:05:22Z","timestamp":1766498722000},"page":"36","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Genome-Resolved Co-Infection by Aeromonas veronii and Shewanella sp. in Koi Carp: A Zoonotic Risk for Aquarists"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-4584-5097","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gorkem","family":"Tasci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bursa Uludag University, 16059 Bursa, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5368-4819","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nihed","family":"Ajmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bursa Uludag University, 16059 Bursa, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9096-875X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soner","family":"Altun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bursa Uludag University, 16059 Bursa, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2721-3204","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Izzet Burcin","family":"Saticioglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bursa Uludag University, 16059 Bursa, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7707-2705","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammed","family":"Duman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bursa Uludag University, 16059 Bursa, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"FAO (2021). 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