{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T02:06:25Z","timestamp":1779933985005,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]],"date-time":"2025-12-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766707200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["88887.923410\/2023-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["88887.923410\/2023-00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro","award":["E-26\/SEI-260003\/012160\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E-26\/SEI-260003\/012160\/2021"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["403318\/2023-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["403318\/2023-8"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023\/16731-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023\/16731-6"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Maternal exposure to infectious agents has been associated with an increased risk of mental disorders in offspring, such as autism spectrum disorder. Evidence suggests that maternal immune responses during infection can significantly impact the neurodevelopment of the offspring, potentially affecting central nervous system functions in the future. Inulin is an indigestible soluble fiber that acts as a prebiotic. It promotes the production of short-chain fatty acids, such as butyrate, which can help inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Thus, this study aims to investigate whether inulin treatment during pregnancy can mitigate or reduce the impact of maternal immune activation (MIA) on the neurodevelopment of the offspring. Swiss mice were used in a dose\u2013response study to evaluate the protective effects of inulin against maternal exposure to soluble Toxoplasma gondii antigen. Adult offspring of both sexes underwent behavioral assessments, and their gut microbiota was characterized. Both males and females in the soluble T. gondii antigen (STAg) group exhibited reduced sociability, as evidenced by the three-chamber social interaction test. Moreover, co-treatment with inulin mitigated this effect. Additionally, anhedonia was observed only in female offspring from the MIA group, but treatment with 1% and 3% inulin also mitigated this effect. The analysis of fecal microbiota showed significant differences between the STAg and inulin treatments at both the family and genus levels. Therefore, inulin appears to have a potential protective effect on the neurodevelopment of the offspring exposed to maternal antigenic challenges during pregnancy mediated by offspring microbiome modulations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms14010060","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T07:52:59Z","timestamp":1766994779000},"page":"60","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Prebiotic Treatment During Pregnancy Prevents Social Deficits Associated with Autism Spectrum Disorder-like Behavior Induced by Maternal Immune Activation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5098-9775","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frederico Rog\u00e9rio","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil"},{"name":"Research Group in Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Oswaldo Cruz Institute\u2014IOC, Research Center, Innovation and Vigilance in COVID-19 and Sanitary Emergencies, Av. Brasil, Rio de Janeiro 4365, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guilherme Araujo","family":"Rouvier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8486-0216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucas","family":"Hassib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto Medical School, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 14049-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raphael","family":"de Andrade Morraye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Omics, Genetics Department, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto Medical School, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yago Soares Pereira","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lu\u00eds Fernando Saldanha","family":"da Gama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iuri Souza","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8719-2794","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelica","family":"Oliveira Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cell Interaction, Federal University of Tri\u00e2ngulo Mineiro, Uberaba 38025-180, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Julia Granero","family":"Rosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cell Interaction, Federal University of Tri\u00e2ngulo Mineiro, Uberaba 38025-180, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Carolina","family":"de Morais-Scussel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cell Interaction, Federal University of Tri\u00e2ngulo Mineiro, Uberaba 38025-180, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0946-5704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Greice Andreotti","family":"de Molfetta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Omics, Genetics Department, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto Medical School, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9364-2886","authenticated-orcid":false,"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Wilson Araujo","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Omics, Genetics Department, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto Medical School, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6897","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1712-06.2006","article-title":"The developmental neurobiology of autism spectrum disorder","volume":"26","author":"Lord","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. 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