{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T16:24:47Z","timestamp":1785774287774,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":157,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,27]],"date-time":"2025-12-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766793600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003977","name":"Israel Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1049\/24"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1049\/24"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003977","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Biofilms are more than just structural microbial communities. They are dynamic chemical ecosystems that synthesize a range of extracellular compounds involved in functions that extend beyond biofilm architecture. From quorum-sensing molecules like acyl-homoserine lactones (AHLs) to short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), phenazines, indoles, and reactive sulfur species (RSS), biofilm-derived metabolites can impact the physiology and behavior of microorganisms living in the same ecosystem, including other bacteria and protozoa. It has recently been demonstrated that such molecules may also modulate competition between microbes, promote cooperation, and impact motility, differentiation, or virulence of free-living and parasitic protozoa. This review aims to discuss biofilm compounds that mediate interspecies or interkingdom interactions and their involvement in regulating gut and environmental microbiomes functions, and host\u2013pathogen relationships with special emphasis on protozoan activity and the infection outcome. This review will also address how this chemical dialog can be explored to identify new therapeutic interventions against microbial infections and parasitic diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms14010064","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T07:52:59Z","timestamp":1766994779000},"page":"64","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The Role of Biofilm-Derived Compounds in Microbial and Protozoan Interactions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Smruti","family":"Mahapatra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Microbiology, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 31096, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8775-1557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Serge","family":"Ankri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Microbiology, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 31096, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2016.94","article-title":"Biofilms: An Emergent Form of Bacterial Life","volume":"14","author":"Flemming","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"001338","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.001338","article-title":"Microbial Primer: An Introduction to Biofilms\u2014What They Are, Why They Form and Their Impact on Built and Natural Environments: This Article Is Part of the Microbial Primer Collection","volume":"169","author":"Bamford","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuz029","article-title":"How Bacteria Recognise and Respond to Surface Contact","volume":"44","author":"Kimkes","year":"2020","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1038\/s44259-024-00046-3","article-title":"Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Resistance in Biofilms","volume":"2","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"NPJ Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2008.00150.x","article-title":"The Sociobiology of Biofilms","volume":"33","author":"Nadell","year":"2009","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0058721","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.00587-21","article-title":"Biofilm Maintenance as an Active Process: Evidence That Biofilms Work Hard to Stay Put","volume":"204","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Joshi, R.V., Gunawan, C., and Mann, R. (2021). We Are One: Multispecies Metabolism of a Biofilm Consortium and Their Treatment Strategies. Front. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.635432"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-genet-102108-134304","article-title":"Bacterial Quorum-Sensing Network Architectures","volume":"43","author":"Ng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1490","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.5.1490","article-title":"A Second N-Acylhomoserine Lactone Signal Produced by Pseudomonas Aeruginosa","volume":"92","author":"Pearson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1007\/s13238-014-0100-x","article-title":"The Hierarchy Quorum Sensing Network in Pseudomonas Aeruginosa","volume":"6","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Protein Cell"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tennoune, N., Andriamihaja, M., and Blachier, F. (2022). Production of Indole and Indole-Related Compounds by the Intestinal Microbiota and Consequences for the Host: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly. Microorganisms, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10050930"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1007\/s12275-021-1576-8","article-title":"Short-Chain Fatty Acids Inhibit the Biofilm Formation of Streptococcus gordonii Through Negative Regulation of Competence-Stimulating Peptide Signaling Pathway","volume":"59","author":"Park","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2005.05.009","article-title":"Off the Hook--How Bacteria Survive Protozoan Grazing","volume":"13","author":"Matz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kolodkin-Gal, I., Murugan, P.A., Mahapatra, S., Zanditenas, E., and Ankri, S. (2025). Differential Coping Strategies Exerted by Biofilm and Planktonic Cells of Bacillus subtilis in Response to a Protozoan Predator. Microbiol. Spectr., e0159725. epub ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01597-25"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fuad040","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuad040","article-title":"Protozoan Predation as a Driver of Diversity and Virulence in Bacterial Biofilms","volume":"47","author":"Hoque","year":"2023","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16819","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0505350102","article-title":"Biofilm Formation and Phenotypic Variation Enhance Predation-Driven Persistence of Vibrio cholerae","volume":"102","author":"Matz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16578","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-43824-1","article-title":"Burkholderia Pseudomallei Biofilm Resists Acanthamoeba sp. Grazing and Produces 8-O-4\u2032-Diferulic Acid, a Superoxide Scavenging Metabolite After Passage Through the Amoeba","volume":"13","author":"Bunma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fix147","DOI":"10.1093\/femsec\/fix147","article-title":"Pyomelanin Produced by Vibrio cholerae Confers Resistance to Predation by Acanthamoeba Castellanii","volume":"93","author":"Noorian","year":"2017","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-025-02507-2","article-title":"The Cyanobacterial Oxadiazine Nocuolin A Shows Broad-Spectrum Toxicity Against Protozoans and the Nematode C. elegans","volume":"88","author":"Vieira","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microb. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2004.00457.x","article-title":"Colonic Short-Chain Fatty Acids Inhibit Encystation of Entamoeba invadens","volume":"7","author":"Byers","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wesel, J., Shuman, J., Bastuzel, I., Dickerson, J., and Ingram-Smith, C. (2021). Encystation of Entamoeba Histolytica in Axenic Culture. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9040873"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2396","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.14131","article-title":"Histone Methyltransferase 1 Regulates the Encystation Process in the Parasite Giardia Lamblia","volume":"284","author":"Salusso","year":"2017","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Markowska, K., Szymanek-Majchrzak, K., Pituch, H., and Majewska, A. (2024). Understanding Quorum-Sensing and Biofilm Forming in Anaerobic Bacterial Communities. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252312808"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.55.1.165","article-title":"Quorum Sensing in Bacteria","volume":"55","author":"Miller","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5371","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-19243-5","article-title":"Sensing of Autoinducer-2 by Functionally Distinct Receptors in Prokaryotes","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3092","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.0c00654","article-title":"Chemical Control of Quorum Sensing in E. coli: Identification of Small Molecule Modulators of SdiA and Mechanistic Characterization of a Covalent Inhibitor","volume":"6","author":"Styles","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2006.00103.x","article-title":"N-Acyl-L-Homoserine Lactone Signal Interception by Escherichia coli","volume":"256","author":"Aertsen","year":"2006","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ji, Y.-C., Sun, Q., Fu, C.-Y., She, X., Liu, X.-C., He, Y., Ai, Q., Li, L.-Q., and Wang, Z.-L. (2021). Exogenous Autoinducer-2 Rescues Intestinal Dysbiosis and Intestinal Inflammation in a Neonatal Mouse Necrotizing Enterocolitis Model. Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.694395"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1996.tb04496.x","article-title":"Chemosensory Responses of Acanthamoeba Castellanii: Visual Analysis of Random Movement and Responses to Chemical Signals","volume":"43","author":"Schuster","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Eukaryot. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-phyto-081211-172908","article-title":"Diversity and Natural Functions of Antibiotics Produced by Beneficial and Plant Pathogenic Bacteria","volume":"50","author":"Raaijmakers","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Phytopathol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuu013","article-title":"Role of Bacterial Volatile Compounds in Bacterial Biology","volume":"39","author":"Audrain","year":"2015","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1548","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01867-10","article-title":"The Multifactorial Basis for Plant Health Promotion by Plant-Associated Bacteria","volume":"77","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2499573","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2025.2499573","article-title":"Indole Signaling in Escherichia coli: A Target for Antivirulence Therapy?","volume":"17","author":"Defoirdt","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zanditenas, E., Geffen, M.T., Saito-Nakano, Y., Kobayashi, S., Hisaeda, H., Nozaki, T., Guo, Y., Mahapatra, S., Wolfenson, H., and Ankri, S. (2025). The Gut Microbiota-Derived Metabolite Indole Regulates Cytoskeletal Functions and Virulence in Entamoeba histolytica. bioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.08.01.668081"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4632","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00276-08","article-title":"Streptococcal Antagonism in Oral Biofilms: Streptococcus Sanguinis and Streptococcus gordonii Interference with Streptococcus Mutans","volume":"190","author":"Kreth","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raghupathi, P.K., Liu, W., Sabbe, K., Houf, K., Burm\u00f8lle, M., and S\u00f8rensen, S.J. (2017). Synergistic Interactions within a Multispecies Biofilm Enhance Individual Species Protection against Grazing by a Pelagic Protozoan. Front. Microbiol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.02649"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.70.3.1593-1599.2004","article-title":"Impact of Violacein-Producing Bacteria on Survival and Feeding of Bacterivorous Nanoflagellates","volume":"70","author":"Matz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5395","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.183.18.5395-5401.2001","article-title":"Alginate Overproduction Affects Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Biofilm Structure and Function","volume":"183","author":"Hentzer","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fuad060","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuad060","article-title":"Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Biofilm Exopolysaccharides: Assembly, Function, and Degradation","volume":"47","author":"Gheorghita","year":"2023","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2967","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.187.9.2967-2973.2005","article-title":"Staphylococcus Epidermidis Polysaccharide Intercellular Adhesin Production Significantly Increases during Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle Stress","volume":"187","author":"Vuong","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3237","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1718102115","article-title":"Structural Changes of TasA in Biofilm Formation of Bacillus subtilis","volume":"115","author":"Diehl","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.13985","article-title":"Formation of Functional, Non-Amyloidogenic Fibres by Recombinant Bacillus subtilis TasA","volume":"110","author":"Erskine","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaaw8905","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.aaw8905","article-title":"The Extracellular Matrix Protein TasA Is a Developmental Cue That Maintains a Motile Subpopulation within Bacillus subtilis Biofilms","volume":"13","author":"Steinberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Signal"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, Y., Ye, J., Shemesh, A., Odeh, A., Trebicz-Geffen, M., Wolfenson, H., and Ankri, S. (2025). Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli Induces Entamoeba Histolytica Superdiffusion Movement on Fibronectin by Reducing Traction Forces. PLoS Pathog., 21.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1012618"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0000624","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.00006-24","article-title":"Multitasking Functions of Bacterial Extracellular DNA in Biofilms","volume":"206","author":"Sharma","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez de Aldecoa, A.L., Zafra, O., and Gonz\u00e1lez-Pastor, J.E. (2017). Mechanisms and Regulation of Extracellular DNA Release and Its Biological Roles in Microbial Communities. Front. Microbiol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01390"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e80808","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.80808","article-title":"eDNA-Stimulated Cell Dispersion from Caulobacter Crescentus Biofilms upon Oxygen Limitation Is Dependent on a Toxin-Antitoxin System","volume":"12","author":"Berne","year":"2023","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"976753","article-title":"Reactive Oxygen Species in the Signaling and Adaptation of Multicellular Microbial Communities","volume":"2012","year":"2012","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103953","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resmic.2022.103953","article-title":"Quinones: More than Electron Shuttles","volume":"173","author":"Franza","year":"2022","journal-title":"Res. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.20.6.814","article-title":"Antibiotic Action of Pyocyanin","volume":"20","author":"Baron","year":"1981","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01188-09","article-title":"Endogenous Phenazine Antibiotics Promote Anaerobic Survival of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa via Extracellular Electron Transfer","volume":"192","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cezairliyan, B., Vinayavekhin, N., Grenfell-Lee, D., Yuen, G.J., Saghatelian, A., and Ausubel, F.M. (2013). Identification of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Phenazines That Kill Caenorhabditis Elegans. PLoS Pathog., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003101"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01037-08","article-title":"Pseudomonas Aeruginosa-Candida Albicans Interactions: Localization and Fungal Toxicity of a Phenazine Derivative","volume":"75","author":"Gibson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2010.01.001","article-title":"The Flavin Inhibitor Diphenyleneiodonium Renders Trichomonas Vaginalis Resistant to Metronidazole, Inhibits Thioredoxin Reductase and Flavin Reductase, and Shuts off Hydrogenosomal Enzymatic Pathways","volume":"171","author":"Leitsch","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Biochem. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0034724","DOI":"10.1128\/msphere.00347-24","article-title":"Identification and Characterization of Archaeal-Type FAD Synthase as a Novel Tractable Drug Target from the Parasitic Protozoa Entamoeba Histolytica","volume":"9","author":"Wulansari","year":"2024","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tet.2014.11.072","article-title":"Riboflavin Derivatives for Enhanced Photodynamic Activity against Leishmania Parasites","volume":"71","author":"Silva","year":"2015","journal-title":"Tetrahedron"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2011.02632.x","article-title":"Multifunctional Membrane Vesicles in Pseudomonas Aeruginosa","volume":"14","author":"Tashiro","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.151403","article-title":"Regulation of the Formation and Structure of Biofilms by Quorum Sensing Signal Molecules Packaged in Outer Membrane Vesicles","volume":"806","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.PSIB-0001-2018","article-title":"Outer Membrane Vesicle-Host Cell Interactions","volume":"7","author":"Cecil","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, X., Xiao, J., Wang, S., Zhou, J., Qin, J., Jia, Z., Wang, Y., Wang, Z., Zhang, Y., and Hao, H. (2022). Research Progress on Bacterial Membrane Vesicles and Antibiotic Resistance. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231911553"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmadi Badi, S., Bruno, S.P., Moshiri, A., Tarashi, S., Siadat, S.D., and Masotti, A. (2020). Small RNAs in Outer Membrane Vesicles and Their Function in Host-Microbe Interactions. Front. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.01209"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0323223","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.03232-23","article-title":"Campylobacter Jejuni Extracellular Vesicles Harboring Cytolethal Distending Toxin Bind Host Cell Glycans and Induce Cell Cycle Arrest in Host Cells","volume":"12","author":"Le","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25040","DOI":"10.3402\/jev.v3.25040","article-title":"Extracellular Vesicles in Parasitic Diseases","volume":"3","author":"Marcilla","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2024.105310","article-title":"Extracellular Vesicles in Parasitic Diseases\u2014From Pathogenesis to Future Diagnostic Tools","volume":"26","author":"Menezes","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-023-01219-9","article-title":"Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Diseases","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Commun. Signal"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2007.10.026","article-title":"Capillary Electrophoresis for Short Chain Organic Acids in Faeces Reference Values in a Mediterranean Elderly Population","volume":"46","author":"Garcia","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1940","DOI":"10.1038\/s41396-023-01501-1","article-title":"Starvation Responses Impact Interaction Dynamics of Human Gut Bacteria Bacteroides Thetaiotaomicron and Roseburia Intestinalis","volume":"17","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Charania, R., Wade, B.E., McNair, N.N., and Mead, J.R. (2020). Changes in the Microbiome of Cryptosporidium-Infected Mice Correlate to Differences in Susceptibility and Infection Levels. Microorganisms, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8060879"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-1043R.1","article-title":"Scriptaid and Suberoylanilide Hydroxamic Acid Are Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors with Potent Anti-Toxoplasma Gondii Activity in Vitro","volume":"93","author":"Strobl","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0100321","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01003-21","article-title":"Valproic Acid Inhibits Chronic Toxoplasma Infection and Associated Brain Inflammation in Mice","volume":"65","author":"Enshaeieh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2219","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2012.69","article-title":"Acyl-Homoserine Lactone-Dependent Eavesdropping Promotes Competition in a Laboratory Co-Culture Model","volume":"6","author":"Chandler","year":"2012","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5139","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.9.5139-5148.2003","article-title":"SarT Influences sarS Expression in Staphylococcus Aureus","volume":"71","author":"Schmidt","year":"2003","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.74.2.910-919.2006","article-title":"N-Acylhomoserine Lactones Antagonize Virulence Gene Expression and Quorum Sensing in Staphylococcus Aureus","volume":"74","author":"Qazi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00859-08","article-title":"SarZ Promotes the Expression of Virulence Factors and Represses Biofilm Formation by Modulating SarA and Agr in Staphylococcus Aureus","volume":"77","author":"Tamber","year":"2009","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2004.00556.x","article-title":"Microcolonies, Quorum Sensing and Cytotoxicity Determine the Survival of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Biofilms Exposed to Protozoan Grazing","volume":"6","author":"Matz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3027","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.184.11.3027-3033.2002","article-title":"Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Virulence Analyzed in a Dictyostelium Discoideum Host System","volume":"184","author":"Cosson","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0174122","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.01741-22","article-title":"Associational Resistance to Predation by Protists in a Mixed Species Biofilm","volume":"89","author":"Goh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2006.00993.x","article-title":"The Role of Quorum Sensing Mediated Developmental Traits in the Resistance of Serratia Marcescens Biofilms against Protozoan Grazing","volume":"8","author":"Queck","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1315521110","article-title":"Morphological Optimization for Access to Dual Oxidants in Biofilms","volume":"111","author":"Kempes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00031-18","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00031-18","article-title":"Phenazines Regulate Nap-Dependent Denitrification in Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Biofilms","volume":"200","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Biswas, L., and G\u00f6tz, F. (2021). Molecular Mechanisms of Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas Interactions in Cystic Fibrosis. Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.824042"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2252","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00059-15","article-title":"Coculture of Staphylococcus Aureus with Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Drives S. Aureus towards Fermentative Metabolism and Reduced Viability in a Cystic Fibrosis Model","volume":"197","author":"Filkins","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.187.2.554-566.2005","article-title":"Staphylococcus Aureus Serves as an Iron Source for Pseudomonas Aeruginosa during in Vivo Coculture","volume":"187","author":"Mashburn","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6141","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-016-7596-3","article-title":"Interactions between Pseudomonas Aeruginosa and Staphylococcus Aureus during Co-Cultivations and Polymicrobial Infections","volume":"100","author":"Nguyen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/30.5.615","article-title":"2-Heptyl-4-Hydroxyquinoline N-Oxide, an Antistaphylococcal Agent Produced by Pseudomonas Aeruginosa","volume":"30","author":"Machan","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0068624","DOI":"10.1128\/msphere.00686-24","article-title":"Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Kills Staphylococcus Aureus in a Polyphosphate-Dependent Manner","volume":"9","author":"Shah","year":"2024","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Zhou, Y., Qiao, J., Yu, W., Pan, X., Zhang, T., Liu, Y., and Lu, S.-E. (2021). Phenazine-1-Carboxylic Acid Produced by Pseudomonas chlororaphis YL-1 Is Effective against Acidovorax Citrulli. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9102012"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10756","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.10756","article-title":"Pseudomonas chlororaphis PA23 Metabolites Protect against Protozoan Grazing by the Predator Acanthamoeba Castellanii","volume":"9","author":"Ghergab","year":"2021","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6941.2009.00792.x","article-title":"Phenazines Are Not Essential for Pseudomonas chlororaphis PA23 Biocontrol of Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum, but Do Play a Role in Biofilm Formation","volume":"71","author":"Selin","year":"2010","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1042\/bj0350207","article-title":"The Tryptophanase-Indole Reaction: Some Observations on the Production of Tryptophanase by Esch. coli; in Particular the Effect of the Presence of Glucose and Amino Acids on the Formation of Tryptophanase","volume":"35","author":"Evans","year":"1941","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6009","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.173.19.6009-6017.1991","article-title":"Physiological Studies of Tryptophan Transport and Tryptophanase Operon Induction in Escherichia coli","volume":"173","author":"Yanofsky","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.06396-11","article-title":"Indole Production Promotes Escherichia coli Mixed-Culture Growth with Pseudomonas Aeruginosa by Inhibiting Quorum Signaling","volume":"78","author":"Chu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, J., Jayaraman, A., and Wood, T.K. (2007). Indole Is an Inter-Species Biofilm Signal Mediated by SdiA. BMC Microbiol., 7.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-7-42"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3504","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01240-08","article-title":"Indole Acts as an Extracellular Cue Regulating Gene Expression in Vibrio cholerae","volume":"191","author":"Mueller","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2299","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00336-16","article-title":"Fecal Indole as a Biomarker of Susceptibility to Cryptosporidium Infection","volume":"84","author":"Chappell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1039\/p29840001331","article-title":"Spectroscopic Properties of Violacein and Related Compounds: Crystal Structure of Tetramethylviolacein","volume":"2","author":"Laatsch","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1007\/s10126-007-9046-9","article-title":"Isolation and Characterization of Two Groups of Novel Marine Bacteria Producing Violacein","volume":"10","author":"Yada","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mar. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1007\/s10529-011-0827-x","article-title":"Microbial Production of the Drugs Violacein and Deoxyviolacein: Analytical Development and Strain Comparison","volume":"34","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2015.05.004","article-title":"In Vitro Antiparasitic Activity of Microbial Pigments and Their Combination with Phytosynthesized Metal Nanoparticles","volume":"64","author":"Rahul","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasitol. Int."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465056","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/465056","article-title":"Violacein: Properties and Production of a Versatile Bacterial Pigment","volume":"2015","author":"Choi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matz, C., Webb, J.S., Schupp, P.J., Phang, S.Y., Penesyan, A., Egan, S., Steinberg, P., and Kjelleberg, S. (2008). Marine Biofilm Bacteria Evade Eukaryotic Predation by Targeted Chemical Defense. PLoS ONE, 3.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0002744"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5164","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-017-8855-2","article-title":"Antibacterial Mode of Action of Violacein from Chromobacterium violaceum UTM5 against Staphylococcus Aureus and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA)","volume":"25","author":"Aruldass","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lyakhovchenko, N.S., Efimova, V.A., Seliverstov, E.S., Anis\u2019kov, A.A., and Solyanikova, I.P. (2024). Bacteriostatic Activity of Janthinobacterium lividum and Purified Violacein Fraction against Clavibacter Michiganensis. Processes, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pr12061116"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kanelli, M., Mandic, M., Kalakona, M., Vasilakos, S., Kekos, D., Nikodinovic-Runic, J., and Topakas, E. (2018). Microbial Production of Violacein and Process Optimization for Dyeing Polyamide Fabrics With Acquired Antimicrobial Properties. Front. Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01495"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2432","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.15033","article-title":"Interplay between Two Quorum Sensing-Regulated Pathways, Violacein Biosynthesis and VacJ\/Yrb, Dictates Outer Membrane Vesicle Biogenesis in Chromobacterium violaceum","volume":"22","author":"Batista","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/48.3.449","article-title":"Antileishmanial Activity of the Violacein Extracted from Chromobacterium violaceum","volume":"48","author":"Leon","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2149","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00693-08","article-title":"Violacein Extracted from Chromobacterium violaceum Inhibits Plasmodium Growth in Vitro and in Vivo","volume":"53","author":"Lopes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2021.0149","article-title":"Development of Hydropersulfide Donors to Study Their Chemical Biology","volume":"36","author":"Khodade","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.46118-0","article-title":"Hydrogen Sulfide-Producing Bacteria in Tongue Biofilm and Their Relationship with Oral Malodour","volume":"54","author":"Washio","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2009.07.035","article-title":"Microbial Community Structures and in Situ Sulfate-Reducing and Sulfur-Oxidizing Activities in Biofilms Developed on Mortar Specimens in a Corroded Sewer System","volume":"43","author":"Satoh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thomas-Lopez, D., Carrilero, L., Matrat, S., Montero, N., Claverol, S., Filipovic, M.R., and Gonzalez-Zorn, B. (2017). H2S Mediates Interbacterial Communication through the Air Reverting Intrinsic Antibiotic Resistance. bioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/202804"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ye, J., Salti, T., Zanditenas, E., Trebicz-Geffen, M., Benhar, M., and Ankri, S. (2024). Impact of Reactive Sulfur Species on Entamoeba Histolytica: Modulating Viability, Motility, and Biofilm Degradation Capacity. Antioxidants, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13020245"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DellaValle, B., Staalsoe, T., Kurtzhals, J.A.L., and Hempel, C. (2013). Investigation of Hydrogen Sulfide Gas as a Treatment against P. falciparum, Murine Cerebral Malaria, and the Importance of Thiolation State in the Development of Cerebral Malaria. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0059271"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2007.06.007","article-title":"Acetylation of the Entamoeba Histone H4 N-Terminal Domain Is Influenced by Short-Chain Fatty Acids That Enter Trophozoites in a pH-Dependent Manner","volume":"38","author":"Byers","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ehrenkaufer, G.M., Eichinger, D.J., and Singh, U. (2007). Trichostatin A Effects on Gene Expression in the Protozoan Parasite Entamoeba Histolytica. BMC Genom., 8.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-8-216"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(94)90102-3","article-title":"Identification of a Developmentally Regulated Transcript Expressed during Encystation of Entamoeba invadens","volume":"67","author":"Sanchez","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mol. Biochem. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(99)00085-7","article-title":"Regulation of Entamoeba invadens Encystation and Gene Expression with Galactose and N-Acetylglucosamine","volume":"102","author":"Coppi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mol. Biochem. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2006.00882.x","article-title":"Identification of Developmentally Regulated Genes in Entamoeba Histolytica: Insights into Mechanisms of Stage Conversion in a Protozoan Parasite","volume":"9","author":"Ehrenkaufer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1016\/j.femsre.2005.03.001","article-title":"Inter-Kingdom Signaling: Deciphering the Language of Acyl Homoserine Lactones","volume":"29","author":"Shiner","year":"2005","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.icb.7100090","article-title":"The Immunomodulatory Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Signalling Molecule N-(3-Oxododecanoyl)-L-Homoserine Lactone Enters Mammalian Cells in an Unregulated Fashion","volume":"85","author":"Ritchie","year":"2007","journal-title":"Immunol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2009.01.005","article-title":"Quorum Sensing and Environmental Adaptation in Pseudomonas Aeruginosa: A Tale of Regulatory Networks and Multifunctional Signal Molecules","volume":"12","author":"Williams","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1156499","article-title":"Modulation of Gene Expression via Disruption of NF-kappaB Signaling by a Bacterial Small Molecule","volume":"321","author":"Kravchenko","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4894","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1207612","article-title":"Bacterial N-Acylhomoserine Lactone-Induced Apoptosis in Breast Carcinoma Cells Correlated with down-Modulation of STAT3","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"2004","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2911(08)60306-9","article-title":"Occurrence, Biochemistry and Physiology of Phenazine Pigment Production","volume":"27","author":"Turner","year":"1986","journal-title":"Adv. Microb. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.1993.tb05868.x","article-title":"Secondary Metabolites from Fluorescent Pseudomonads","volume":"10","author":"Budzikiewicz","year":"1993","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.7164\/antibiotics.35.1412","article-title":"Saphenamycin, a Novel Antibiotic from a Strain of Streptomyces","volume":"35","author":"Kitahara","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Antibiot."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.1021\/cr020473j","article-title":"Phenazine Natural Products: Biosynthesis, Synthetic Analogues, and Biological Activity","volume":"104","author":"Laursen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4993","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-4039(97)01068-X","article-title":"Total Synthesis of Phenazinomycin and Its Enantiomer via High-Pressure Reaction","volume":"38","author":"Kinoshita","year":"1997","journal-title":"Tetrahedron Lett."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1021\/cen-v081n003.p037","article-title":"PLUMBING THE OCEAN DEPTHS FOR DRUGS: New Genera of Marine Bacteria May Be the next Big Sources of Natural Products","volume":"81","author":"Wilson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. News Arch."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-7743(01)36068-2","article-title":"Chapter 28. To Market, to Market\u20142000","volume":"Volume 36","author":"Gaudilliere","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annual Reports in Medicinal Chemistry"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-010-2509-3","article-title":"Metabolism and Function of Phenazines in Bacteria: Impacts on the Behavior of Bacteria in the Environment and Biotechnological Processes","volume":"86","author":"Pierson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1793","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01477-10","article-title":"Indole Transport across Escherichia coli Membranes","volume":"193","author":"Chimerel","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02977","article-title":"The Genome of Cryptosporidium Hominis","volume":"431","author":"Xu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21160","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1908239116","article-title":"Genetic Ablation of Purine Salvage in Cryptosporidium Parvum Reveals Nucleotide Uptake from the Host Cell","volume":"116","author":"Pawlowic","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2023.112680","article-title":"Microbiota-Produced Indole Metabolites Disrupt Mitochondrial Function and Inhibit Cryptosporidium Parvum Growth","volume":"42","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.14888","article-title":"Chromobacterium violaceum Delivers Violacein, a Hydrophobic Antibiotic, to Other Microbes in Membrane Vesicles","volume":"22","author":"Choi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-024-13358-1","article-title":"Extracellular Vesicles of Janthinobacterium lividum as Violacein Carriers in Melanoma Cell Treatment","volume":"108","author":"Kowalska","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2007.01.009","article-title":"Chaperoning a Cellular Upheaval in Malaria: Heat Shock Proteins in Plasmodium Falciparum","volume":"153","author":"Acharya","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Biochem. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.0c00454","article-title":"Violacein-Induced Chaperone System Collapse Underlies Multistage Antiplasmodial Activity","volume":"7","author":"Tavella","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.8b00245","article-title":"Violacein Targets the Cytoplasmic Membrane of Bacteria","volume":"5","author":"Cauz","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1290\/1071-2690(2000)036<0539:VCAIOA>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Violacein Cytotoxicity and Induction of Apoptosis in V79 Cells","volume":"36","author":"Melo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vitro Cell Dev. Biol. Anim."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022945107762","article-title":"The Mitochondrial Membrane Potential (Deltapsi(m)) in Apoptosis; an Update","volume":"8","author":"Ly","year":"2003","journal-title":"Apoptosis"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leal, A.M.d.S., de Queiroz, J.D.F., de Medeiros, S.R.B., Lima, T.K.d.S., and Agnez-Lima, L.F. (2015). Violacein Induces Cell Death by Triggering Mitochondrial Membrane Hyperpolarization in Vitro. BMC Microbiol., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-015-0452-2"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2004-02-0594","article-title":"Molecular Mechanism of Violacein-Mediated Human Leukemia Cell Death","volume":"104","author":"Ferreira","year":"2004","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Birg, A., and Lin, H.C. (2025). The Role of Bacteria-Derived Hydrogen Sulfide in Multiple Axes of Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26073340"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.06488-11","article-title":"Interaction Forces Drive the Environmental Transmission of Pathogenic Protozoa","volume":"78","author":"Aubert","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2004.02391.x","article-title":"Amoebae in Domestic Water Systems: Resistance to Disinfection Treatments and Implication in Legionella Persistence","volume":"97","author":"Thomas","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.3109\/10408419409114556","article-title":"Ecology of Free-Living Amoebae","volume":"20","year":"1994","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-023-00444-x","article-title":"Digestive Exophagy of Biofilms by Intestinal Amoeba and Its Impact on Stress Tolerance and Cytotoxicity","volume":"9","author":"Zanditenas","year":"2023","journal-title":"NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2011.10.002","article-title":"Eating For Two: How Metabolism Establishes Interspecies Interactions in the Gut","volume":"10","author":"Fischbach","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254766","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1254766","article-title":"Small Molecules from the Human Microbiota","volume":"349","author":"Donia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G125","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00261.2020","article-title":"Production of Hydrogen Sulfide by the Intestinal Microbiota and Epithelial Cells and Consequences for the Colonic and Rectal Mucosa","volume":"320","author":"Blachier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.05024-11","article-title":"Biochemistry and Evolution of Anaerobic Energy Metabolism in Eukaryotes","volume":"76","author":"Mentel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2016.01.004","article-title":"Entamoeba Thiol-Based Redox Metabolism: A Potential Target for Drug Development","volume":"206","author":"Jeelani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Biochem. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2014.07.020","article-title":"Correlation Between Intraluminal Oxygen Gradient and Radial Partitioning of Intestinal Microbiota","volume":"147","author":"Albenberg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2024.105319","article-title":"Organoids and Organ-on-Chip Technology for Investigating Host-Microorganism Interactions","volume":"26","author":"Walocha","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s40475-016-0083-1","article-title":"The Intestinal Bacterial Microbiome and E. Histolytica Infection","volume":"3","author":"Burgess","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Trop. Med. Rep."}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/14\/1\/64\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T08:09:22Z","timestamp":1766995762000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/14\/1\/64"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,27]]},"references-count":157,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms14010064"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms14010064","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,27]]}}}