{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T16:38:24Z","timestamp":1782319104963,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767744000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nontuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM), often referred to as environmental or atypical mycobacteria, are opportunistic pathogens phylogenetically as well as clinically distinct from both the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and Mycobacterium leprae. In the pediatric age group, NTM disease manifests with a diverse range of clinical phenotypes. Cervicofacial lymphadenitis stands out as the most common presentation among children who are immunocompetent. Conversely, skin and soft tissue infections, pulmonary disease and disseminated infections constitute less prevalent, yet clinically important, disease forms. Accurate identification is paramount, as differentiating NTM infections from tuberculosis (TB) remains challenging based solely on clinical symptoms, initial laboratory analyses, or standard radiological findings. This distinction is critical because treatment protocols for NTM infections differ substantially from those for tuberculosis. This narrative review offers a comprehensive and up-to-date summary of NTM infections in children. It examines the spectrum of clinical presentations and their prevalence, addresses the complexities of diagnosis and therapy, and underscores the importance of differential diagnosis against tuberculosis. Furthermore, we explore current diagnostic strategies, available therapeutic options, and the link between specific clinical syndromes and tailored management, pointing out existing knowledge gaps and suggesting priorities for future research. The absence of rapid, species-specific diagnostic tools often results in delayed initiation of targeted treatment, while overlapping clinical features with TB can lead to misdiagnosis. Therapeutic management is complicated by the necessity for prolonged drug courses, frequent occurrences of drug intolerance, limited availability of child-appropriate formulations, and the rising tide of antimicrobial resistance. Successfully tackling these issues demands enhanced surveillance, precise species-level identification, the creation of child-friendly drug formats, and the development of evidence-based treatment guidelines specifically designed for the pediatric population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms14010130","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T11:46:43Z","timestamp":1767786403000},"page":"130","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Infections in Children: A Clinical Overview of Diagnosis and Management"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4905-371X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandra","family":"Li Pomi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Unit, Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age \u2018Gaetano Barresi\u2019, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy"},{"name":"Pediatrics Unit and Pediatric Emergency Unit, AOU \u201cRodolico-San Marco\u201d, \u201cSan Marco\u201d Hospital, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7421-0903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonella","family":"Gambadauro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Unit, Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age \u2018Gaetano Barresi\u2019, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4166-2030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Galletta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Unit, Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age \u2018Gaetano Barresi\u2019, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4291-0195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe Fabio","family":"Parisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Respiratory Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, \u201cSan Marco\u201d Hospital, University of Catania, 95121 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2642-6400","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salvatore","family":"Leonardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Respiratory Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, \u201cSan Marco\u201d Hospital, University of Catania, 95121 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pietro","family":"Sciacca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Respiratory Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, \u201cSan Marco\u201d Hospital, University of Catania, 95121 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milena","family":"La Spina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatrics Unit and Pediatric Emergency Unit, AOU \u201cRodolico-San Marco\u201d, \u201cSan Marco\u201d Hospital, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7664-3083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Manti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Unit, Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age \u2018Gaetano Barresi\u2019, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9071.2011.02679.x","article-title":"Ocular infections caused by non-tuberculous mycobacteria: Update on epidemiology and management","volume":"40","author":"Girgis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. 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