{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:56:34Z","timestamp":1787028994761,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767830400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"ISOLATION AND MOLECULAR IDENTIFICATION OF ANAEROBIC BACTERIA FROM COMPARTMENT 1 OF THE ALPACA","award":["377-2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["377-2019"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study explores the intestinal microbiota of eight 18-month-old male alpacas from two distinct high-altitude regions in Peru: the Wet Puna (4200 m above sea level) and the Dry Puna (4900 m above sea level). Using 16S rRNA and 18S rRNA metabarcoding, microbial communities of bacteria, archaea, fungi, and protists were analyzed from the first compartment of the stomach (C1) to investigate the diversity, taxonomic composition, and correlations with hematological parameters. Significant differences in microbial diversity and composition were observed between regions, driven by dietary and environmental factors. The Wet Puna exhibited greater alpha diversity in bacterial and fungal communities, while beta diversity highlighted distinct microbial compositions. Key taxa, such as Prevotella ruminicola and Acetitomaculum, were associated with energy metabolism and host adaptation, whereas methanogenic archaea (Methanobrevibacter, Methanosphaera) dominated in the Dry Puna, reflecting adaptations to arid conditions. Correlations between microbial taxa and hematological variables, such as Acetitomaculum with red blood cell count and Eremoplastron with neutrophil percentage, emphasize the complex interplay between microbiota and host physiology. These findings contribute to understanding microbial adaptations in high-altitude livestock and provide practical insights for enhancing alpaca management and conservation strategies through tailored nutritional approaches and sustainable grazing practices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms14010138","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T09:01:29Z","timestamp":1767862889000},"page":"138","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effects of Diet and Altitude on the Microbiota of the First Compartment of the Stomach in Peruvian Alpacas in Highland Puna Regions and Their Correlations with Blood Parameters"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2446-2499","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nils H.","family":"Flores-Huarco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Posgrado en Ciencia Animal, Universidad Nacional del Altiplano de Puno, P.O. Box 291, Puno 21001, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1637-1570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard","family":"Estrada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n en Bioinform\u00e1tica y Bioestadistica, La Molina, Lima 15024, Peru"},{"name":"Direcci\u00f3n de Desarrollo Tecnol\u00f3gico Agrario, Instituto Nacional de Innovaci\u00f3n Agraria (INIA), Av. La 11 Molina 1981, Lima 15024, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0443-7173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yolanda","family":"Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n en Bioinform\u00e1tica y Bioestadistica, La Molina, Lima 15024, Peru"},{"name":"Direcci\u00f3n de Desarrollo Tecnol\u00f3gico Agrario, Instituto Nacional de Innovaci\u00f3n Agraria (INIA), Av. La 11 Molina 1981, Lima 15024, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5708-7464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Coila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional del Altiplano de Puno, P.O. Box 291, Puno 21001, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6203-5354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana","family":"Sanchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela Profesional de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Cusco 08003, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge L.","family":"Maicelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda y Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodr\u00edguez de Mendoza de Amazonas (UNTRM), Cl. Higos Urco 342, Chachapoyas 01001, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wigoberto C.","family":"Alvarado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda y Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodr\u00edguez de Mendoza de Amazonas (UNTRM), Cl. Higos Urco 342, Chachapoyas 01001, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Quilcate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Direcci\u00f3n de Desarrollo Tecnol\u00f3gico Agrario, Instituto Nacional de Innovaci\u00f3n Agraria (INIA), Av. La 11 Molina 1981, Lima 15024, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mery","family":"Aliaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional del Altiplano de Puno, P.O. Box 291, Puno 21001, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walter","family":"Galindo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional del Altiplano de Puno, P.O. Box 291, Puno 21001, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Saavedra-Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de Alto Amazonas, UNAAA, Calle Prolongaci\u00f3n Libertad Nro. 1220-128, Loreto, Yurimaguas 16501, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henry","family":"Apaza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional del Altiplano de Puno, P.O. Box 291, Puno 21001, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0769-5672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos I.","family":"Arbizu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda y Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodr\u00edguez de Mendoza de Amazonas (UNTRM), Cl. Higos Urco 342, Chachapoyas 01001, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.7398","article-title":"Outbreak of Diarrhea among Preweaning Alpacas (Vicugna pacos) in the Southern Peruvian Highland","volume":"10","author":"Rojas","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dev. 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