{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T23:41:57Z","timestamp":1792021317602,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":189,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767830400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Growing evidence indicates that oral microbiome dysbiosis contributes to systemic inflammation, immune activation, and neural dysfunction. These processes may influence the onset and progression of major neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. This review integrates clinical, epidemiological, and mechanistic findings linking periodontal pathogens and oral microbial imbalance to Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD), Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD), depression, and anxiety. Methods: A narrative review was conducted using PubMed\/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar to identify recent studies examining alterations in the oral microbiota, microbial translocation, systemic inflammatory responses, blood\u2013brain barrier disruption, cytokine signaling, and neural pathways implicated in brain disorders. Results: Evidence from human and experimental models demonstrates that oral pathogens, particularly Porphyromonas gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Treponema denticola, can disseminate systemically, alter immune tone, and affect neural tissues. Their virulence factors promote microglial activation, cytokine release (IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, TNF-\u03b1), amyloid-\u03b2 aggregation, and \u03b1-synuclein misfolding. Epidemiological studies show associations between oral dysbiosis and cognitive impairment, motor symptoms in PD, and alterations in mood-related taxa linked to stress hormone profiles. Immunometabolic pathways, HPA-axis activation, and the oral\u2013gut\u2013brain axis further integrate these findings into a shared neuroinflammatory framework. Conclusions: Oral dysbiosis emerges as a modifiable contributor to neuroinflammation and brain health. Periodontal therapy, probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and targeted inhibitors of bacterial virulence factors represent promising strategies to reduce systemic and neural inflammation. Longitudinal human studies and standardized microbiome methodologies are still needed to clarify causality and evaluate whether restoring oral microbial balance can modify the course of neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms14010143","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T14:32:38Z","timestamp":1767882758000},"page":"143","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Oral Dysbiosis and Neuroinflammation: Implications for Alzheimer\u2019s, Parkinson\u2019s and Mood Disorders"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Laura Carolina","family":"Zavala-Medina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, Autonomous University of Chihuahua, Chihuahua 31000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4141-140X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joan Sebastian","family":"Salas-Leiva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environment and Energy, Center for Research in Advanced Materials (CIMAV), Chihuahua 31136, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5729-4677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos Esteban","family":"Villegas-Mercado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, Autonomous University of Chihuahua, Chihuahua 31000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan Antonio","family":"Arregu\u00edn-Cano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, Autonomous University of Chihuahua, Chihuahua 31000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9858-4638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Uriel","family":"Soto-Barreras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, Autonomous University of Chihuahua, Chihuahua 31000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra Aid\u00e9","family":"Santana-Delgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, Autonomous University of Chihuahua, Chihuahua 31000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0375-6690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Delia","family":"Larrinua-Pacheco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, Autonomous University of Chihuahua, Chihuahua 31000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Fernanda","family":"Garc\u00eda-Vega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, Autonomous University of Chihuahua, Chihuahua 31000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6145-1134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mercedes","family":"Berm\u00fadez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, Autonomous University of Chihuahua, Chihuahua 31000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kalinowski, J., Ahsan, T., Ayed, M., and Esposito, M.M. 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