{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T23:49:46Z","timestamp":1788824986789,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767916800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"AquaVall"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation and Junta de Castilla y Leon","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2021-123532OB-C31"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2021-123532OB-C31"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation and Junta de Castilla y Leon","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BU220P24"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BU220P24"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008431","name":"Consejer\u00eda de Educaci\u00f3n, Junta de Castilla y Le\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["ORDEN EDU\/601\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ORDEN EDU\/601\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008431","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004895","name":"European Social Fund","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004895","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Respiratory infections are a major public health threat. Significant global mortality is caused by influenza viruses, the new SARS-CoV-2 virus, and the Respiratory Syncytial Viruses (RSVs). Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) has recently emerged as a valuable tool for monitoring these pathogens, providing insights into their evolution, transmission patterns, and co-circulation within populations. This study aimed to track influenza viruses (A and B), the new SARS-CoV-2 virus, and the Respiratory Syncytial Viruses (RSVs) (type A and B) during the pandemic period (from October 2020 to October 2021) in a middle-size Spanish city (Valladolid) and its surrounding areas. Viral concentration was performed using an aluminum-based precipitation method, followed by RNA extraction and RT-qPCR quantification targeting the N1 and N2 regions of the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid gene, the N gene for both RSV-A and RSV-B, and the M and non-structural protein genes for influenza A and B, respectively. The results demonstrated the utility of WBE in predicting increases in clinical cases of SARS-CoV-2, as evidenced by a high correlation (r &gt; 0.5). For RSV-A, the findings aligned with previous studies. Interestingly, particularly considering the length and period of analysis, influenza A, influenza B, and RSV-B viruses were not observed during the study period. In addition, the prevalence of RSV-A decreased during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, likely due to the implementation of non-pharmaceutical interventions. In conclusion, this study reaffirms that WBE provides critical epidemiological insights, complements clinical surveillance, and supports public health authorities in making informed and timely decisions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms14010151","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T09:25:02Z","timestamp":1767950702000},"page":"151","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A One-Year Wastewater-Based Surveillance Study of the Main Human Respiratory Viruses in a Middle-Size Spanish City During the COVID-19 Pandemic Period"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4417-6887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorena","family":"Casado-Mart\u00edn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Area, Faculty of Sciences, University of Burgos, Plaza Misael Ba\u00f1uelos s\/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain"},{"name":"Centre for Emerging Pathogens and Global Health, University of Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6914-9987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Area, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valladolid, 47002 Valladolid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Pe\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AquaVall, ETAP Las Eras, 47009 Valladolid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariana","family":"Alves-Elois","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Area, Faculty of Sciences, University of Burgos, Plaza Misael Ba\u00f1uelos s\/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain"},{"name":"Centre for Emerging Pathogens and Global Health, University of Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain"},{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florian\u00f3polis 88040-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5731-5538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadine","family":"Yeramian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Area, Faculty of Sciences, University of Burgos, Plaza Misael Ba\u00f1uelos s\/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain"},{"name":"Centre for Emerging Pathogens and Global Health, University of Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5596-3320","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gislaine","family":"Fongaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florian\u00f3polis 88040-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5357-6340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda","family":"Eiros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Area, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valladolid, 47002 Valladolid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8795-854X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-L\u00e1zaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Area, Faculty of Sciences, University of Burgos, Plaza Misael Ba\u00f1uelos s\/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain"},{"name":"Centre for Emerging Pathogens and Global Health, University of Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Chan, A. 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