{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T09:21:11Z","timestamp":1770974471038,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768521600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Biomedical Research Institute of the Pusan National University Hospital","award":["202100350001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202100350001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bile contains many bacteria that can contribute to various diseases. Therefore, identifying bile microbiome differences between benign and malignant conditions is essential. In this study, bile samples were collected aseptically from 141 patients with biliary tract cancer (BTC) or benign biliary diseases (BBDs) who underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography or biliary tract surgery. Quality control PCR was performed to amplify the V3\u2013V4 region of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. Metagenomic sequencing of bile was successfully performed in 35 of 56 samples collected from patients with BTC and 24 of 85 samples from patients with BBD. The mean alpha diversity values comprised 2.788 \u00b1 2.833 and 2.319 \u00b1 1.355 in the BBD and BTC groups, respectively (p = 0.399). The bacterial species (4.7%) were shared between groups, whereas 12.3% and 83% were indicated to patients with BTC and BBD, respectively. Bacteroides coprocola, Prevotella copri, and Bacteroides plebeius were more frequently identified in the bile of patients with BTC, whereas Bacteroides vulgatus and Bacteroides uniformis were more abundant in the bile of patients with BBD. Distinct patterns of microorganism abundance between the two groups of patients suggest association of bile microbiome with disease status, so its diagnostic potential should be validated in further studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms14010208","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T13:27:53Z","timestamp":1768570073000},"page":"208","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Differences in the Biliary Microbiome Between Biliary Tract Cancer and Benign Biliary Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2851-0390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hye Ji","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan 49241, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5499-0773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sung Hee","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan 49241, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sung Yong","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan 49241, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University College of Medicine, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9752-5860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jong Hyun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan 49241, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University College of Medicine, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7208-7753","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong Uk","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Gumi Medical Center, CHA University, Gumi 39233, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4132-7662","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyung Il","family":"Seo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan 49241, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Pusan National University College of Medicine, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06244","article-title":"The human microbiome project","volume":"449","author":"Turnbaugh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2012.01.035","article-title":"The impact of the gut microbiota on human health: An integrative view","volume":"148","author":"Clemente","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-020711-074937","article-title":"The microbiome in infectious disease and inflammation","volume":"30","author":"Honda","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu. 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