{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:56:45Z","timestamp":1787029005839,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768780800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Scientific Research Deanship at the University of Ha\u2019il\u2014Saudi Arabia","award":["RG-23 246"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RG-23 246"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a significant pathogen in both healthcare-associated (HA-MRSA) and community-associated (CA-MRSA) infections, posing major challenges due to its evolving antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and genetic diversity. This study investigates the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance patterns, and molecular characteristics of HA-MRSA and CA-MRSA isolates in Saudi Arabia. A retrospective analysis was conducted on 178 MRSA isolates obtained from clinical samples. MRSA identification was performed using cefoxitin disk diffusion, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing for vancomycin, linezolid, and ciprofloxacin was conducted using the BD Phoenix M50 system. Molecular characterization included SCCmec typing, spa typing, and PCR-based detection of virulence genes (pvl, tst, eta, etb, lukS, lukF). Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS, with a significance threshold of p &lt; 0.05. Among 1496 S. aureus isolates, 178 (11.9%) were confirmed as MRSA, with HA-MRSA (61.8%) being more prevalent than CA-MRSA (38.2%). Notably, 7.8% of HA-MRSA isolates exhibited heteroresistant vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (hVISA). Ciprofloxacin resistance was significantly higher in HA-MRSA (85.0%) compared to CA-MRSA (38.9%). SCCmec type V was the predominant genotype (87.1%), suggesting increased infiltration of CA-MRSA strains into hospital settings. Spa typing revealed high genetic diversity, with t037 being the most common (27%). Virulence genes were detected in 6% of isolates, indicating limited dissemination of these factors. The findings highlight the increasing prevalence of MRSA, the emergence of hVISA, and shifts in clonal distribution, underscoring the need for ongoing molecular surveillance and stringent antimicrobial stewardship programs to control MRSA spread in both healthcare and community environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms14010227","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T09:57:02Z","timestamp":1768816622000},"page":"227","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Prevalence, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Molecular Characteristics of MRSA in Saudi Arabia: A Retrospective Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3922-2247","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soha Abdallah","family":"Moursi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Hail, Hail 55476, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2813-6279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohd","family":"Saleem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Hail, Hail 55476, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1594-1826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Azharuddin Sajid","family":"Syed Khaja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Hail, Hail 55476, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1301-4519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ehab","family":"Rakha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Department, King Khalid Hospital, Hail 55421, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kareemah Salem","family":"Alshurtan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Hail, Hail 55476, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nahed Fathallah","family":"Fahmy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2501-6677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amal Daher","family":"Alshammari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Hail, Hail 55476, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emad Abboh","family":"Abdallah Abboh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Hail, Hail 55476, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Metab Nasser","family":"Alshammari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infection Control, King Khalid Hospital, Hail 55421, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Homoud","family":"Almalaq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Supplies, Hail Health Cluster, Hail 55471, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"CDC (2025, February 04). 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