{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T05:07:58Z","timestamp":1769576878510,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769472000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Sichuan Science and Technology Program","award":["2023NSFSC1935"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023NSFSC1935"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The escalating global incidence of ulcerative colitis (UC) underscores the demand for novel therapeutic strategies. This study investigated the fermentation of Periplaneta americana (PA) powder using two conventional dairy starter strains, Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus SN22 and Streptococcus thermophilus SN05, to enhance its functional properties, particularly anti-inflammatory activity, via microbial processing. Both strains demonstrated favourable safety and antimicrobial activity. Untargeted metabolomics revealed that fermentation significantly altered the metabolite profile of the PA supernatant, enriching compounds with potential bioactivities, notably anti-inflammatory (e.g., 3-anisic acid) and antioxidant (e.g., vitamin U) properties. In the DSS-induced mouse colitis model, treatment with the fermented supernatant alleviated intestinal inflammation compared to the unfermented group. This was demonstrated by significantly reduced levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1\u03b2 and TNF-\u03b1, along with improved maintenance of intestinal barrier integrity. Further in vitro assays showed that the fermented supernatant significantly suppressed proliferation and clonogenicity in human HT-29 colon cancer cells, while also inducing reactive oxygen species accumulation and apoptosis. Results demonstrate these strains are multifunctional starters possessing superior antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory efficacy. This study employed LAB fermentation of insect-derived matrices to derive bioactive components. The fermentation products exhibited anti-inflammatory potential, offering a potential microbial transformation strategy for developing functional products for adjunctive UC intervention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms14020301","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T15:41:56Z","timestamp":1769528516000},"page":"301","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Alleviation of Ulcerative Colitis in Mice by Individual Fermentation of Periplaneta americana Powder with L. bulgaricus SN22 and S. thermophilus SN05"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Qingqing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China"},{"name":"The Conservation of Endangered Wildlife Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cheng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wound Care Center, West China Hospital, West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoqin","family":"Mu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Conservation of Endangered Wildlife Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zihan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Conservation of Endangered Wildlife Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cuiling","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Conservation of Endangered Wildlife Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chenjuan","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Periplaneta Americana and Innovative Drugs Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610051, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bisong","family":"Yue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Conservation of Endangered Wildlife Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0422-9497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhenxin","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Conservation of Endangered Wildlife Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0646-0887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lianming","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1606","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60150-0","article-title":"Ulcerative Colitis","volume":"380","author":"Eckmann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2024.08.003","article-title":"Ulcerative Colitis: Clinical Biomarkers, Therapeutic Targets, and Emerging Treatments","volume":"45","author":"Wangchuk","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2741","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32669-7","article-title":"Rapid Changes in Epidemiology of Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"390","author":"Kamm","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2769","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32448-0","article-title":"Worldwide Incidence and Prevalence of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in the 21st Century: A Systematic Review of Population-Based Studies","volume":"390","author":"Ng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1586\/ecp.12.2","article-title":"Mesalamine in the Treatment and Maintenance of Remission of Ulcerative Colitis","volume":"5","author":"Ham","year":"2012","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Cardoso, C.R.d.B., Habka, A.d.C., Pinzan, C.F., Oliveira, C.N.S., da Silva, J.L., Duarte-Silva, M., Cardoso, C.R.d.B., Habka, A.d.C., Pinzan, C.F., and Oliveira, C.N.S. (2019). Traditional Drugs: Mechanisms of Immunosuppressor and Corticosteroid Therapies for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Biological Therapy for Inflammatory Bowel Disease, IntechOpen."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, Y., Wu, Q., Li, S., Lin, X., Yang, S., Zhu, R., Fu, C., and Zhang, Z. (2024). Harnessing Nature\u2019s Pharmacy: Investigating Natural Compounds as Novel Therapeutics for Ulcerative Colitis. Front. Pharmacol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1394124"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Long, D., Mao, C., Zhang, W., Zhu, Y., and Xu, Y. (2025). Natural Products for the Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis: Focus on the JAK\/STAT Pathway. Front. Immunol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1538302"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116891","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2024.116891","article-title":"Autophagy: A Potential Target for Natural Products in the Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis","volume":"176","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2015.12.026","article-title":"Fermentation, a Feasible Strategy for Enhancing Bioactivity of Herbal Medicines","volume":"81","author":"Hussain","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hao, B., Chen, Q., Wang, S., Hao, B., Chen, Q., and Wang, S. (2024). Research on Probiotic Fermentation of Traditional Chinese Medicine. The Science of Fermentation, IntechOpen.","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.115119"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e93","DOI":"10.1002\/imt2.93","article-title":"Research Advances in Probiotic Fermentation of Chinese Herbal Medicines","volume":"2","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"iMeta"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2020.113594","article-title":"Effects of Fermented Ginseng on the Gut Microbiota and Immunity of Rats with Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea","volume":"267","author":"Qu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102854","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aqrep.2025.102854","article-title":"Unveiling the Metabolic Transformation of Astragalus membranaceus through Probiotic Fermentation and Its Impact on Growth and Gut Health in Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio)","volume":"42","author":"Shi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aquac. Rep."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101908","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2022.101908","article-title":"Effects of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum WLPL01 Fermentation on Antioxidant Activities, Bioactive Compounds, and Flavor Profile of Artemisia argyi","volume":"49","author":"Zhan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Biosci."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"37","article-title":"Cockroach (Periplaneta americana): Nutritional Value as Food and Feed For Man and Livestock","volume":"15","author":"Ukoroije","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asian Food Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124068","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.124068","article-title":"Antioxidant, Antibacterial, and Anti-Inflammatory Periplaneta americana Remnant Chitosan\/Polysaccharide Composite Film: In vivo Wound Healing Application Evaluation","volume":"237","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-017-0149-6","article-title":"Anti-Tumor Effects of the American Cockroach, Periplaneta americana","volume":"12","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109753","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2019.109753","article-title":"Antipyretic, Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Activities of Periplaneta americana Extract and Underlying Mechanisms","volume":"123","author":"Nguyen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-022-00955-7","article-title":"Periplaneta americana Extract Ameliorates Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Ulcerative Colitis via Immunoregulatory and PI3K\/AKT\/NF-\u03baB Signaling Pathways","volume":"30","author":"Ni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, X., Hu, Y., Li, X., Zheng, X., Wang, Y., Zhang, J., Fu, C., and Geng, F. (2018). Periplaneta americana Ameliorates Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Ulcerative Colitis in Rats by Keap1\/Nrf-2 Activation, Intestinal Barrier Function, and Gut Microbiota Regulation. Front. Pharmacol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.00944"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie, Y., Liang, S., Zhang, Y., Wu, T., Shen, Y., Yao, S., and Li, J. (2023). Discovery of Indole Analogues from Periplaneta americana Extract and Their Activities on Cell Proliferation and Recovery of Ulcerative Colitis in Mice. Front. Pharmacol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1282545"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2560","DOI":"10.3109\/13880209.2016.1170862","article-title":"Protective Effect of Periplaneta americana Extract in Ulcerative Colitis Rats Induced by Dinitrochlorobenzene and Acetic Acid","volume":"54","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0347023","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.03470-23","article-title":"Functional Genomic Analysis of the Isolated Potential Probiotic Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. Indicus TY-11 and Its Comparison with Other Lactobacillus delbrueckii Strains","volume":"12","author":"Kryukov","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105778","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2023.105778","article-title":"A Polysaccharide from Yogurt Fermented by Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus: Structural Characteristics and Its Alleviative Effect on DSS-Induced Colitis in Mice","volume":"109","author":"Xiong","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0228021","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02280-21","article-title":"Extracellular Polysaccharide Extraction from Streptococcus thermophilus in Fermented Milk","volume":"10","author":"Wa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkn090","article-title":"Principles of Assessing Bacterial Susceptibility to Antibiotics Using the Agar Diffusion Method","volume":"61","author":"Bonev","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0021321","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00213-21","article-title":"Overview of Changes to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing, M100, 31st Edition","volume":"59","author":"Humphries","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1134\/S0026261723600520","article-title":"Methods for Determination of Antimicrobial Activity of Bacteriocins of Lactic Acid Bacteria","volume":"92","author":"Yadav","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-1215-5_25","article-title":"Mouse Models of Acute and Chronic Colitis","volume":"1194","author":"Manicassamy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3094","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bty191","article-title":"Minimap2: Pairwise Alignment for Nucleotide Sequences","volume":"34","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-9173-0_14","article-title":"BUSCO: Assessing Genome Assembly and Annotation Completeness","volume":"1962","author":"Seppey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.08.015","article-title":"Safety Assessment of Dairy Microorganisms: The Lactobacillus Genus","volume":"126","author":"Bernardeau","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2006.01.029","article-title":"Lactobacillus spp. with In Vitro Probiotic Properties from Human Faeces and Traditional Fermented Products","volume":"109","author":"Franz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, M.J., Ku, S., Kim, S.Y., Lee, H.H., Jin, H., Kang, S., Li, R., Johnston, T.V., Park, M.S., and Ji, G.E. (2018). Safety Evaluations of Bifidobacterium Bifidum BGN4 and Bifidobacterium Longum BORI. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19051422"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/73.2.465s","article-title":"Probiotics and Safety","volume":"73","author":"Ishibashi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2185034","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2023.2185034","article-title":"Emerging Issues in Probiotic Safety: 2023 Perspectives","volume":"15","author":"Merenstein","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1590\/fst.03920","article-title":"Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity and Antibiotic Susceptibility Profiles of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus Strains Isolated from Commercial Yoghurt Starter Cultures","volume":"41","author":"Yerlikaya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01738-18","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01738-18","article-title":"Genus-Wide Assessment of Antibiotic Resistance in Lactobacillus spp.","volume":"85","author":"Campedelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crfs.2020.01.002","article-title":"Techno-Functional Characterization of Indigenous Lactobacillus Isolates from the Traditional Fermented Foods of Meghalaya, India","volume":"3","author":"Das","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Res. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-024-01805-0","article-title":"ARGNet: Using Deep Neural Networks for Robust Identification and Classification of Antibiotic Resistance Genes from Sequences","volume":"12","author":"Pei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iliev, I., Yahubyan, G., Apostolova-Kuzova, E., Gozmanova, M., Mollova, D., Iliev, I., Ilieva, L., Marhova, M., Gochev, V., and Baev, V. (2025). Characterization and Probiotic Potential of Levilactobacillus brevis DPL5: A Novel Strain Isolated from Human Breast Milk with Antimicrobial Properties Against Biofilm-Forming Staphylococcus aureus. Microorganisms, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13010160"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115070","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2023.115070","article-title":"Assessment of the Safety and Probiotic Properties of Lactobacillus delbrueckii DMLD-H1 Based on Comprehensive Genomic and Phenotypic Analysis","volume":"184","author":"Tang","year":"2023","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kochetkova, T.V., Grabarnik, I.P., Klyukina, A.A., Zayulina, K.S., Gavirova, L.A., Shcherbakova, P.A., Kachmazov, G.S., Shestakov, A.I., Kublanov, I.V., and Elcheninov, A.G. (2023). The Bacterial Microbiota of Artisanal Cheeses from the Northern Caucasus. Fermentation, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/fermentation9080719"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"lxaf114","DOI":"10.1093\/jambio\/lxaf114","article-title":"Metabologenomics Analysis Reveals Antibiotic Crypticity of Kutzneria viridogrisea DSM 43850","volume":"136","author":"Dong","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"and Tiwari, S.K. (2022). Bacteriocin-Producing Probiotic Lactic Acid Bacteria in Controlling Dysbiosis of the Gut Microbiota. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.851140"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-020-00443-w","article-title":"Metabolism Pathways of Arachidonic Acids: Mechanisms and Potential Therapeutic Targets","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drzazga, A., Okulus, M., Rychlicka, M., Biega\u0142a, \u0141., Gliszczy\u0144ska, A., and Gendaszewska-Darmach, E. (2020). Lysophosphatidylcholine Containing Anisic Acid Is Able to Stimulate Insulin Secretion Targeting G Protein Coupled Receptors. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12041173"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2024.105436","article-title":"Vitamin U Alleviates AFB1-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Pregnant and Lactating Mice by Regulating the Nrf2\/Hmox1 Pathway","volume":"180","author":"Ling","year":"2024","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"165","article-title":"Effects of L-Dopa in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"2","author":"Tomlinson","year":"1969","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.2008.01870.x","article-title":"The Role of Serotonin in Intestinal Luminal Sensing and Secretion","volume":"193","author":"Hansen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Physiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"BSR20230374","DOI":"10.1042\/BSR20230374","article-title":"The Importance of Thiamine (Vitamin B1) in Humans","volume":"43","author":"Mrowicka","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biosci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2021.06.053","article-title":"Polyphenol Oxidase (PPO) Arm of Catecholamine Pathway Catalyzes the Conversion of L-Tyrosine to L-DOPA in Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC Var. Pruriens: An Integrated Pathway Analysis Using Field Grown and in vitro Callus Cultures","volume":"166","author":"Saranya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-021-01101-1","article-title":"Review: Microbial Transformations of Human Bile Acids","volume":"9","author":"Guzior","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Das, B., Rabalais, J., Kozan, P., Lu, T., Durali, N., Okamoto, K., McGeough, M.D., Lee, B.J., Barrett, K.E., and Marchelletta, R. (2022). The Effect of a Fennel Seed Extract on the STAT Signaling and Intestinal Barrier Function. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0271045"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104918","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2024.104918","article-title":"Fermented Licorice Extract Alleviates Ulcerative Colitis by Inhibiting the TLR4\/NF-\u03baB Pathway and Rebuilding Intestinal Microbiota in Mice","volume":"61","author":"Hu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Biosci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, J., Ma, Y., Li, X., Wang, Y., Huo, Z., Lin, Y., Li, J., Yang, H., Zhang, Z., and Yang, P. (2022). Fermented Astragalus and Its Metabolites Regulate Inflammatory Status and Gut Microbiota to Repair Intestinal Barrier Damage in Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Ulcerative Colitis. Front. Nutr., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.1035912"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109934","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.109934","article-title":"Sanhuang Shu\u2019ai Decoction Alleviates DSS-Induced Ulcerative Colitis via Regulation of Gut Microbiota, Inflammatory Mediators and Cytokines","volume":"125","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112951","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2020.112951","article-title":"Intestinal Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Fuzi-Ganjiang Herb Pair against DSS-Induced Ulcerative Colitis in Mice","volume":"261","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.115015","article-title":"Evaluation of the Association of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer: Insights and Implications","volume":"164","author":"Nigam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2021.11.002","article-title":"Inhibiting DNA Methylation Alleviates Cisplatin-Induced Hearing Loss by Decreasing Oxidative Stress-Induced Mitochondria-Dependent Apoptosis via the LRP1-PI3K\/AKT Pathway","volume":"12","author":"He","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Sin. B"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, S., Shan, Y., Zhang, S., Zhang, L., Jiao, Y., Xue, D., Zhang, L., and Yi, H. (2023). Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei X12 Strain Induces Apoptosis in HT-29 Cells through Activation of the Mitochondrial Pathway. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15092123"}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/14\/2\/301\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T15:57:12Z","timestamp":1769529432000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/14\/2\/301"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms14020301"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms14020301","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]]}}}