{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T22:00:26Z","timestamp":1769724026413,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769644800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021R1I1A3055799"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R1I1A3055799"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Peracetic acid (PAA) has strong biocidal activity against bacteria, fungi, and spores, even with short contact times. PAA-mediated sterilization is therefore an attractive method for sterilization of growth media that have heat-labile components or when polymer-based equipment is used. However, residual PAA and co-existing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) can inhibit the growth of cultivated species, necessitating a fast and reliable quenching strategy that does not require rinsing. In contrast to Fe\u2013EDTA-based catalytic decomposition that is strongly influenced by pH, buffers, and organic nitrogen, we demonstrate a fundamentally different, stoichiometric quenching strategy using sodium dithionite that enables instantaneous and selective removal of PAA. Na2S2O4 preferentially reduced PAA over H2O2 in a 0.03% PAA solution and achieved complete PAA reduction within 5 s, independent of pH and in the presence of nitrogen compounds. By adjusting the Na2S2O4 dose, PAA could be selectively removed while allowing a small fraction of H2O2 to remain. When applied to the cultivation of Euglena gracilis, which tolerates low levels of H2O2, the PAA\u2013Na2S2O4-treated medium resulted in greater cell growth and higher paramylon production than autoclaved medium.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms14020315","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T10:08:57Z","timestamp":1769681337000},"page":"315","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Selective Quenching of Peracetic Acid by Sodium Dithionite Enables Rapid, Non-Thermal Sterilization for Euglena gracilis Cultivation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Hyun-Jin","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Food Science & Technology, Institute of Agriculture & Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Min-Su","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Food Science & Technology, Institute of Agriculture & Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Min-Sung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Food Science & Technology, Institute of Agriculture & Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4892-8679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jong-Hee","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Food Science & Technology, Institute of Agriculture & Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2018.11.024","article-title":"Euglena as a potential natural source of value-added metabolites. A review","volume":"37","author":"Kottuparambil","year":"2019","journal-title":"Algal Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gissibl, A., Sun, A., Care, A., Nevalainen, H., and Sunna, A. (2019). Bioproducts from Euglena gracilis: Synthesis and applications. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2019.00108"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, L., Liu, M., Wang, Y., Zhu, Z., and Zhao, X. (2024). Euglena gracilis protein: Effects of different acidic and alkaline environments on structural characteristics and functional properties. Foods, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13132050"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0290(19970120)53:2<185::AID-BIT8>3.0.CO;2-K","article-title":"Production of antioxidant vitamins, \u03b2-carotene, vitamin C, and vitamin E, by two-step culture of Euglena gracilis Z","volume":"53","author":"Takeyama","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1271\/bbb.57.352","article-title":"Enriching Euglena with unsaturated fatty acids","volume":"57","author":"Hayashi","year":"1993","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/0717-6287-47-24","article-title":"Assessment of the phytochemical constituents and antioxidant activity of a bloom forming microalgae Euglena tuba","volume":"47","author":"Chaudhuri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie, W., Li, X., Xu, H., Chen, F., Cheng, K.-W., Liu, H., and Liu, B. (2023). Optimization of heterotrophic culture conditions for the microalgae Euglena gracilis to produce proteins. Mar. Drugs, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/md21100519"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-013-9979-5","article-title":"Euglena sp. as a suitable source of lipids for potential use as biofuel and sustainable wastewater treatment","volume":"25","author":"Mahapatra","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2023.128582","article-title":"Biofuel production from Euglena: Current status and techno-economic perspectives","volume":"371","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1529-8817.2010.00934.x","article-title":"Organic carbon supplementation of sterilized municipal wastewater is essential for heterotrophic growth and removing ammonium by the microalga Chlorella Vulgaris 1","volume":"47","author":"Bashan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mubarak, M.T., Ozsahin, I., and Ozsahin, D.U. (April, January 26). Evaluation of sterilization methods for medical devices. Proceedings of the 2019 Advances in Science and Engineering Technology International Conferences (ASET), Dubai, United Arab Emirates.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASET.2019.8714223"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.14295\/oh.v24i3.1222","article-title":"Easy and efficient chemical sterilization of the culture medium for in vitro growth of gerbera using chlorine dioxide (ClO2)","volume":"24","author":"Cardoso","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ornam. Hortic."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.2307\/2482086","article-title":"Hydrolysis of sucrose by autoclaving media, a neglected aspect in the technique of culture of plant tissues","volume":"80","author":"Ball","year":"1953","journal-title":"Bull. Torrey Bot. Club"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3393","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-025-03586-x","article-title":"Sterilization of culture systems using oxidation\u2013reduction cycles of iodine for efficient, cost-effective, and sustainable bioprocessing: Application for Euglena cultivation and production of paramylon","volume":"37","author":"Lim","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Chang-Ho, C., Do-Wook, W., and Jong-Hee, K. (2017, January 11). Development of Cultivation Process Using Decomposition of PAA for Cost-efficient Omega-3 Production by Aurantiochytrium sp. Proceedings of the 2017 KSBB Fall Meeting and International Symposium (Abstract Book), BEXCO, Busan, Republic of Korea."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1007\/s00449-018-1914-3","article-title":"Growth medium sterilization using decomposition of peracetic acid for more cost-efficient production of omega-3 fatty acids by Aurantiochytrium","volume":"41","author":"Cho","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioprocess Biosyst. Eng."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1007\/s00449-024-02971-z","article-title":"Development of a new sterilization method for microalgae media using calcium hypochlorite as the sterilant","volume":"47","author":"Jeong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bioprocess Biosyst. Eng."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2020.110245","article-title":"Effects of soybean curd wastewater on growth and DHA production in Aurantiochytrium sp","volume":"134","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1007\/s00449-014-1291-5","article-title":"A simple method for decomposition of peracetic acid in a microalgal cultivation system","volume":"38","author":"Sung","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bioprocess Biosyst. Eng."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4906","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-84558-2","article-title":"Marine cyanobacterium Spirulina maxima as an alternate to the animal cell culture medium supplement","volume":"11","author":"Jeong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wolf, D., Dao, T., Scott, H., and Lavy, T. (1989). Influence of Sterilization Methods on Selected Soil Microbiological, Physical, and Chemical Properties, Wiley Online Library. 0047-2425.","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq1989.00472425001800010007x"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogsc.2022.100695","article-title":"Recent advances and challenges in recycling and reusing biomedical materials","volume":"38","author":"Kheirabadi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Green Sustain. Chem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/S0160-4120(03)00147-8","article-title":"Disinfection of wastewater with peracetic acid: A review","volume":"30","author":"Kitis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6095","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)43514-X","article-title":"The kinetics and mechanism of reduction of electron transfer proteins and other compounds of biological interest by dithionite","volume":"248","author":"Lambeth","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1070\/RC2001v070n10ABEH000659","article-title":"Recent trends in the chemistry of sulfur-containing reducing agents","volume":"70","author":"Makarov","year":"2001","journal-title":"Russ. Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1930","DOI":"10.1039\/C8AY02772B","article-title":"Simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of peracetic acid and the coexistent hydrogen peroxide using potassium iodide as the indicator","volume":"11","author":"Xiao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anal. Methods"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2024.103408","article-title":"A novel screening strategy utilizing aniline blue and calcofluor white to develop paramylon-rich mutants of Euglena gracilis","volume":"78","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Algal Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31340","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M303158200","article-title":"Yeast frataxin sequentially chaperones and stores iron by coupling protein assembly with iron oxidation","volume":"278","author":"Park","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1515\/ntrev-2022-0034","article-title":"Green synthesis of nanoparticles for varied applications: Green renewable resources and energy-efficient synthetic routes","volume":"11","author":"Madani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nanotechnol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saikhao, L., Setthayanond, J., Karpkird, T., and Suwanruji, P. (2017, January 25\u201327). Comparison of sodium dithionite and glucose as a reducing agent for natural indigo dyeing on cotton fabrics. Proceedings of the MATEC Web of Conferences, Malacca, Malaysia.","DOI":"10.1051\/matecconf\/201710803001"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29395","DOI":"10.1039\/C6RA24579J","article-title":"Fermentation factors influencing the production of bacteriocins by lactic acid bacteria: A review","volume":"7","author":"Abbasiliasi","year":"2017","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1017\/S002202991900075X","article-title":"Cultivation media for lactic acid bacteria used in dairy products","volume":"86","author":"Hayek","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Dairy Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crfs.2022.03.007","article-title":"Formulations with microencapsulated Fe\u2013peptides improve in vitro bioaccessibility and bioavailability","volume":"5","author":"Gaigher","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Res. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, K.-L., Gao, M., Wang, Y.-Z., Li, X.-R., Wang, P., and Wang, B. (2022). Antioxidant peptides from protein hydrolysate of marine red algae Eucheuma cottonii: Preparation, identification, and cytoprotective mechanisms on H2O2 oxidative damaged HUVECs. Front. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.791248"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1774","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.15.0927","article-title":"Antioxidant, liver protective and angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory activities of old laying hen hydrolysate in crab meat analogue","volume":"29","author":"Jin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1080\/17415993.2012.749878","article-title":"Sodium dithionite and its relatives: Past and present","volume":"34","author":"Makarov","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Sulfur Chem."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16860","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-18419-w","article-title":"Heavy metal\u2013induced stress in eukaryotic algae\u2014Mechanisms of heavy metal toxicity and tolerance with particular emphasis on oxidative stress in exposed cells and the role of antioxidant response","volume":"29","author":"Nowicka","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leitzen, S., Vogel, M., Steffens, M., Zapf, T., M\u00fcller, C.E., and Brandl, M. (2021). Quantification of degradation products formed during heat sterilization of glucose solutions by LC-MS\/MS: Impact of autoclaving temperature and duration on degradation. Pharmaceuticals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph14111121"}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/14\/2\/315\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T10:22:35Z","timestamp":1769682155000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/14\/2\/315"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms14020315"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms14020315","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]]}}}