{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T23:23:39Z","timestamp":1770161019375,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Departamento de Direcci\u00f3n de Apoyo a la Investigaci\u00f3n (DAI), Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Metropolitana","award":["34605050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["34605050"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The trematode Clinostomum marginatum, secretes excretory-secretory products (ESPs) which have the potential to increase the viability and antioxidant activity of probiotic strains. The aim of this study was to identify the ESP profile of C. marginatum and to evaluate its anti-inflammatory activity in RAW 264.7 macrophages, as well as its effect on the viability and antioxidant activity of a consortium of bacteria comprising Lactobacillus and\/or Bifidobacterium. C. marginatum was maintained in RPMI-1640 medium for ESP collection. Anti-inflammatory activity was assessed in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells treated with 800 \u00b5g\/mL of ESPs, measuring cell viability, nitric oxide production, and the relative expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-\u03b1, INF-\u03b3) and the COX-2 gene by qPCR. The influence of ESPs (800\u20131600 \u00b5g\/mL) on probiotic viability and antioxidant activity was determined using MTT, DPPH, hydroxyl, and superoxide radical scavenging assays. C. marginatum showed 74% survival in vitro, and SDS-PAGE analysis revealed three major protein bands in the ESPs (47, 54, and 58 kDa). ESP treatment significantly reduced nitric oxide and the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory markers in LPS-activated macrophages. ESPs supplemented at 1200 \u00b5g\/mL optimized the growth kinetics of Lactobacillus (specific growth rate \u03bcL = 1.12 h\u22121, doubling time td = 0.62 h) and Bifidobacterium (\u03bcB = 1.09 h\u22121, td = 0.63 h) compared to control conditions. In conclusion, ESPs from C. marginatum exhibited significant anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects while enhancing bacterial viability, which positions them as promising candidates for biotherapeutics agents in the management of inflammatory control and gut microbiota modulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms14020354","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T10:03:29Z","timestamp":1770113009000},"page":"354","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Excretion-Secretion Products of Clinostomum marginatum (Digenea: Clinostomidae) and Its Effect over the Viability and Antioxidative Activity of a Mix of Lactobacillus and\/or Bifidobacterium"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6342-5549","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Ang\u00e9lica","family":"Guti\u00e9rrez-Nava","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Ecologia Microbiana, Departamento de Sistemas Biologicos, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana Unidad Xochimilco, Calzada del Hueso 1100, Colonia Villa Quietud, Alcaldia Coyoacan, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico\u00a004960, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4400-7506","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raquel","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-V\u00e1zquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Biotecnologia, Departamento de Sistemas Biol\u00f3gicos, SECIHTI-Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Metropolitana Unidad Xochimilco, Calzada del Hueso 1100, Colonia Villa Quietud, Alcaldia Coyoacan, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico\u00a004960, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9689-7323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel \u00c1ngel","family":"Mosqueda-Cabrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento El Hombre y su Ambiente, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Metropolitana Unidad Xochimilco, Calzada del Hueso 1100, Colonia Villa Quietud, Alcaldia Coyoacan, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico\u00a004960, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Reyna-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Biotecnologia, Departamento de Sistemas Biol\u00f3gicos, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana Unidad Xochimilco, Calzada del Hueso 1100, Colonia Villa Quietud, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico\u00a004960, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4273-1624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felipe","family":"Mendoza-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Biotecnologia, Departamento de Sistemas Biol\u00f3gicos, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana Unidad Xochimilco, Calzada del Hueso 1100, Colonia Villa Quietud, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico\u00a004960, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9768-2842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo","family":"Z\u00fa\u00f1iga-Le\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Biotecnologia, Departamento de Sistemas Biol\u00f3gicos, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana Unidad Xochimilco, Calzada del Hueso 1100, Colonia Villa Quietud, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico\u00a004960, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leovigildo","family":"Mateos-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Neonatales, UMAE Hospital de Gineco Obstetricia No. 4 Luis Castelazo Ayala, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Ciudad de M\u00e9xico\u00a006720, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0586-3502","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro A.","family":"Reyes-Castillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad M\u00e9dica de Alta Especialidad, Hospital de Oncolog\u00eda, Centro M\u00e9dico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Ciudad de M\u00e9xico\u00a006720, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3019-3643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosa","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-V\u00e1zquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Bacteriologia Medica, Departamento de Microbiologia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Prolongacion de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S\/N, Col. 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