{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T23:27:12Z","timestamp":1770334032631,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770249600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Clinical Research Special Program of Shanghai Municipal Health Commission","award":["2025Y0054"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025Y0054"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Composite integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs) frequently mediate the co-transfer of multiple antibiotic resistance genes during horizontal gene transfer, but their formation mechanisms remain unclear. This study investigated the site-specific integration of Tn1806 into ICESa2603-family ICEs in Streptococcus agalactiae by conjugation experiments. PCR screening of 161 S. agalactiae clinical isolates identified potential Tn1806-like ICE carriers; whole-genome sequencing was performed to further characterize the macrolide-resistance isolates from this group. PCR detection resulted in 24 carrying Tn1806-like ICEs being found, five of which were macrolide-resistant. Genomic analysis for these five revealed distinct Tn1806-like ICEs (ICESag16, ICESag57, ICESag139, ICESag167, and ICESag220), three of which were found nested within another ICE (ICESpy009, an ICESa2603-family ICE). Conjugation experiments confirmed ICESag167 could integrate into the snf2 (methyltransferase containing a SNF2 helicase domain) of ICESpy009 in recipient cells, generating a composite ICE. Re-conjugation verified the transferability of composite ICE at low frequencies (8.63 \u00d7 10\u22128), during which some nested ICESag167 were excised and transferred independently. This work provides first experimental evidence supporting Tn1806 nesting within another ICE as a mechanism for resistance accumulation and mobile element evolution in S. agalactiae. The spread of such composite ICEs may confer multiple forms of resistance to new hosts, challenging infection treatment and raising public health concerns.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms14020375","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T10:35:37Z","timestamp":1770287737000},"page":"375","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Site-Specific Nested Integration of Tn1806 into ICESa2603-Family Integrative and Conjugative Elements in Streptococcus agalactiae"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Sida","family":"Yi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Center for Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai 200126, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xing","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Center for Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai 200126, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6305-8379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liufan","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Center for Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai 200126, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhichun","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Center for Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai 200126, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xueliang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Center for Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai 200126, China"},{"name":"Department of Quality Control Material R&D, Shanghai Center for Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai 200126, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2382","article-title":"Integrative and conjugative elements: Mosaic mobile genetic elements enabling dynamic lateral gene flow","volume":"8","author":"Wozniak","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. 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