{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T13:29:30Z","timestamp":1770902970506,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770854400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005564","name":"Gilead Sciences, Inc.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CO-GR-540-6245"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CO-GR-540-6245"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005564","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Remdesivir is recommended for hospitalized patients with severe COVID-19 and for those at high risk of progression. Real-world Omicron-era data on incidental COVID-19 and high-risk outpatients remain limited. We conducted a multicenter retrospective cohort study (ReEs-COVID19) in Greece (June\u2013December 2022) including adults with PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection who received remdesivir. Hospitalized patients with incidental COVID-19 (Group A, n = 138) and high-risk outpatients (Group B, n = 312) were analysed. Outcomes included clinical deterioration, mortality, and adverse events. Group A patients were older with more comorbidities. Remdesivir was initiated earlier in Group A (median 1 vs. 2 days) but with a more heterogeneous duration (48.9% vs. 97.8% in Group B, which received the standard 3-day regimen). Clinical deterioration due to COVID-19 occurred in 5.8% vs. 0.6%, and 30-day mortality was 18.1% (25\/138) in Group A, including 10 COVID-19-related deaths (7.2%). Group B had two deaths (0.6%), none COVID-19-related. Adverse events were uncommon, with mild kidney injury in 3.6% of Group A and hepatotoxicity in 2.2% vs. 0.3%. In high-risk outpatients, the ReEs-COVID19 study confirmed the effectiveness and safety of remdesivir\u2019s profile. Among incidental cases, two distinct disease patterns were identified, associated with different remdesivir regimens and highlighting the importance of comorbidities and the need for tailored clinical interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms14020441","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T12:05:46Z","timestamp":1770897946000},"page":"441","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Remdesivir: Real-World Effectiveness and Safety in Individuals Hospitalized for Non-COVID Reasons and Non-Hospitalized High-Risk Patients During the Omicron Era in Greece"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4196-5066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikos","family":"Pantazis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Spyridon","family":"Kontos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0492-2550","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evmorfia","family":"Pechlivanidou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6955-3453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolaos V.","family":"Sipsas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases and COVID-19 Unit, General Hospital of Athens Laiko,  Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0255-5926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diamantis","family":"Kofteridis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University General Hospital of Heraklion, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Periklis","family":"Panagopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8322-635X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vassiliki","family":"Rapti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Athens Hospital for Diseases of the Chest \u201cSotiria\u201d, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Symeon","family":"Metallidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA University General Hospital, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4289-9494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karolina","family":"Akinosoglou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University General Hospital of Patras, Department of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Rio, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dimitra","family":"Kavatha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4th Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon University General Hospital, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, 26504 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3958-2266","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haralampos","family":"Milionis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University General Hospital of Ioannina, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ioannis","family":"Kalomenidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Critical Care & Pulmonary Service, Evangelismos General Hospital, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5710-1545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioannis","family":"Katsarolis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Affairs, Gilead Sciences Hellas and Cyprus, 17564 Paleo Faliro, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0772-811X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vasiliki E.","family":"Georgakopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases and COVID-19 Unit, General Hospital of Athens Laiko,  Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vasileios","family":"Petrakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0778-0006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Garyfallia","family":"Poulakou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Athens Hospital for Diseases of the Chest \u201cSotiria\u201d, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olga","family":"Tsachouridou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA University General Hospital, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Markos","family":"Marangos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University General Hospital of Patras, Department of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Rio, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0991-9198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anastasia","family":"Antoniadou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4th Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon University General Hospital, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, 26504 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eleni","family":"Polyzou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University General Hospital of Patras, Department of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Rio, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1738-2832","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eleni","family":"Papantoniou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA University General Hospital, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pinelopi","family":"Kazakou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4th Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon University General Hospital, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, 26504 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eirini","family":"Christaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University General Hospital of Ioannina, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2665-6003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theofani","family":"Rimpa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Critical Care & Pulmonary Service, Evangelismos General Hospital, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2823-5675","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sotirios P.","family":"Karagiannis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Critical Care & Pulmonary Service, Evangelismos General Hospital, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5951-0844","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giota","family":"Touloumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2026, February 09). 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