{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T17:27:20Z","timestamp":1788283640183,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771027200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ocean Protection Council and California Sea Grant Program","award":["19-0592"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19-0592"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Concerns about microplastic pollution have risen as numerous studies have reported detection of microplastics in foods, including seafood. One emerging concern is the ability of microplastics to vector pathogens that can adhere to biofilms on microplastic surfaces. Here, we investigated whether microplastics can facilitate zoonotic protozoan parasite contamination in shellfish. Oysters were selected for this study because they are commonly eaten raw and can harbor zoonotic protozoan pathogens. Acclimated live oysters were exposed in closed aquaria to Cryptosporidium, Giardia, and Toxoplasma (oo)cysts that had been incubated in seawater either as protozoa alone (P treatment) or with preconditioned polyester microfibers (P + M treatment). After overnight exposure, oysters were transferred to clean seawater flow-through aquaria for depuration. Over the experimental period, oysters exposed to both protozoa and microfibers had significantly higher numbers of protozoan pathogens than oysters exposed to protozoa alone. Our study provides experimental evidence that microplastics may facilitate protozoan pathogen contamination in shellfish. These results demonstrate how anthropogenic pollution may have unintended consequences on infectious disease transmission in coastal ecosystems, with potential risk to wildlife populations and human public health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms14020468","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T12:37:28Z","timestamp":1771245448000},"page":"468","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Microplastics Facilitate Protozoan Pathogen Contamination in Shellfish"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9511-0787","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minji","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colleen A.","family":"Burge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Bodega Marine Laboratory, Bodega Bay, CA 94923, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chelsea M.","family":"Rochman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7598-8493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth","family":"VanWormer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-1190-8658","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chloe","family":"Resngit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9871-6073","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lezlie","family":"Rueda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3057-2822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Blythe","family":"Marshman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Bodega Marine Laboratory, Bodega Bay, CA 94923, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Bodega Marine Laboratory, Bodega Bay, CA 94923, USA"},{"name":"Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darrielle","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2678-3851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karen","family":"Shapiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1260352","article-title":"Plastic Waste Inputs from Land into the Ocean","volume":"347","author":"Jambeck","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marenvres.2016.05.012","article-title":"Plastics and Microplastics in the Oceans: From Emerging Pollutants to Emerged Threat","volume":"128","author":"Avio","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mar. 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