{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T06:08:18Z","timestamp":1771308498050,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771027200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["5SC2AI081656-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5SC2AI081656-02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01-AI097157-12"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-AI097157-12"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The multiple-transferable resistance protein (MtrR) is a transcriptional repressor of the mtrCDE-encoded drug efflux pump and Type IV pilus biosynthesis (pilM), and an activator of penicillin-binding protein 1 (ponA) expression in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Previously published microarray data suggested that MtrR is also an activator of ltgA expression in the gonococcus. LtgA is a lytic transglycosylase responsible for approximately half of recycled peptidoglycan fragments and released peptidoglycan-derived cytotoxins, which cause ciliary damage and induce specific inflammatory responses. The fragments generated by LtgA during peptidoglycan remodeling can either be recognized by the permease AmpG for uptake into the bacterial cytoplasm and recycled for new cell wall growth and general metabolism or released into the external milieu. Therefore, we sought to define the capacity of MtrR to regulate LtgA expression in gonococci. We show that MtrR binds to the ltgA promoter region in a concentration-dependent manner, and that this binding results both in increased ltgA mRNA transcription and LtgA protein levels during exponential growth. Deletion of mtrR in N. gonorrhoeae decreased peptidoglycan monomer release from growing cells and increased autolysis. These results suggest that MtrR regulation of ltgA impacts peptidoglycan-derived cytotoxin release and autolysis in the gonococcus. This study suggests a central role of MtrR in coordinating aspects of the cellular envelope that may contribute to gonococcal pathogenesis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms14020474","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T12:37:28Z","timestamp":1771245448000},"page":"474","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["MtrR Regulates a Major Lytic Transglycosylase (ltgA) Responsible for Peptidoglycan-Derived Cytotoxin Release and Autolysis in Neisseria gonorrhoeae"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Alaa I.","family":"Telchy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tia","family":"Morgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA"},{"name":"Global HIV Prevention and Treatment Clinical Trials Unit, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kathleen T.","family":"Hackett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Madison, WI 53706, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8363-8805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ronald K.","family":"McMillan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2507-8974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert A.","family":"Nicholas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Pharmacology and Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1711-7670","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph P.","family":"Dillard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Madison, WI 53706, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8512-0359","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, 915 S Jackon Street, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, L.C., Yu, Q., Edwards, V., Lin, B., Qiu, J., Turner, J.R., Stein, D.C., and Song, W. (2017). Neisseria gonorrhoeae infects the human endocervix by activating non-muscle myosin II-mediated epithelial exfoliation. PLoS Pathog., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006269"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0072121","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00721-21","article-title":"Challenges and Controversies Concerning Neisseria gonorrhoeae-Neutrophil Interactions in Pathogenesis","volume":"12","author":"Criss","year":"2021","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2017.169","article-title":"Neisseria gonorrhoeae host adaptation and pathogenesis","volume":"16","author":"Quillin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"WHO (2012). Urgent Action Needed to Prevent the Spread of Untreatable Gonorrhoea, WHO."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1071\/SH19061","article-title":"Epidemiology of gonorrhoea: A global perspective","volume":"16","author":"Kirkcaldy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sex Health"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S95","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac043","article-title":"Management of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the United States: Summary of Evidence From the Development of the 2020 Gonorrhea Treatment Recommendations and the 2021 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Sexually Transmitted Infection Treatment Guidelines","volume":"74","author":"Barbee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2025.101318","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae and its risk groups in 23 European countries in 2022 within the European Gonococcal Antimicrobial Surveillance Programme (Euro-GASP): A retrospective observational study","volume":"54","author":"Jacobsson","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Reg. Health Eur."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"101663","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae in nine sentinel countries within the World Health Organization Enhanced Gonococcal Antimicrobial Surveillance Programme (EGASP), 2023: A retrospective observational study","volume":"61","author":"Maatouk","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Reg. Health West. Pac."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"FDA (2026, February 03). FDA Approves Two Oral Therapies to Treat Gonorrhea, Available online: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/news-events\/press-announcements\/fda-approves-two-oral-therapies-treat-gonorrhea#:~:text=Approvals%20Are%20for%20Uncomplicated%20Urogenital,gonorrhoeae."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schaub, R.E., and Dillard, J.P. (2019). The Pathogenic Neisseria Use a Streamlined Set of Peptidoglycan Degradation Proteins for Peptidoglycan Remodeling, Recycling, and Toxic Fragment Release. Front. Microbiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00073"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1914","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.4.1914-1919.2004","article-title":"GNA33 of Neisseria meningitidis is a lipoprotein required for cell separation, membrane architecture, and virulence","volume":"72","author":"Lupetti","year":"2004","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7811","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.186.22.7811-7814.2004","article-title":"Mutation of a single lytic transglycosylase causes aberrant septation and inhibits cell separation of Neisseria gonorrhoeae","volume":"186","author":"Cloud","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2549","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.180.9.2549-2555.1998","article-title":"Regulation of a new cell wall hydrolase gene, cwlF, which affects cell separation in Bacillus subtilis","volume":"180","author":"Ishikawa","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2752","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.6.2752-2757.2002","article-title":"A lytic transglycosylase of Neisseria gonorrhoeae is involved in peptidoglycan-derived cytotoxin production","volume":"70","author":"Cloud","year":"2002","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5989","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00506-08","article-title":"Neisseria gonorrhoeae uses two lytic transglycosylases to produce cytotoxic peptidoglycan monomers","volume":"190","author":"Hackett","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5421","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00531-07","article-title":"AtlA functions as a peptidoglycan lytic transglycosylase in the Neisseria gonorrhoeae type IV secretion system","volume":"189","author":"Kohler","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8277","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00998-07","article-title":"Pseudomonas syringae lytic transglycosylases coregulated with the type III secretion system contribute to the translocation of effector proteins into plant cells","volume":"189","author":"Oh","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2003.03576.x","article-title":"A lytic transglycosylase homologue, PleA, is required for the assembly of pili and the flagellum at the Caulobacter crescentus cell pole","volume":"49","author":"Viollier","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6551","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00480-07","article-title":"VirB1* promotes T-pilus formation in the vir-Type IV secretion system of Agrobacterium tumefaciens","volume":"189","author":"Zupan","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/149.3.378","article-title":"Ability of monomeric peptidoglycan fragments from Neisseria gonorrhoeae to damage human fallopian-tube mucosa","volume":"149","author":"Melly","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0000424","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00004-24","article-title":"Peptidoglycan fragment release and NOD activation by commensal Neisseria species from humans and other animals","volume":"92","author":"Chan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2012.0001","article-title":"The lytic transglycosylases of Neisseria gonorrhoeae","volume":"18","author":"Chan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Microb. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3490","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00279-13","article-title":"Peptidoglycan fragment release from Neisseria meningitidis","volume":"81","author":"Woodhams","year":"2013","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4201","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)41763-7","article-title":"G(Anh)MTetra, a natural bacterial cell wall breakdown product, induces interleukin-1 beta and interleukin-6 expression in human monocytes. A study of the molecular mechanisms involved in inflammatory cytokine expression","volume":"269","author":"Dokter","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3123","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.61.8.3123-3128.1993","article-title":"Interleukin-1 is linked to the respiratory epithelial cytopathology of pertussis","volume":"61","author":"Heiss","year":"1993","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/143.3.413","article-title":"Pathogenic mechanisms of Neisseria gonorrhoeae: Observations on damage to human fallopian tubes in organ culture by gonococci of colony type 1 or type 4","volume":"143","author":"McGee","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01640777","article-title":"Attachment of pathogenic Neisseria to human mucosal surfaces: Role in pathogenesis","volume":"10","author":"Stephens","year":"1982","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00415519","article-title":"Cytopathic effects of the pathogenic Neisseria. Studies using human fallopian tube organ cultures and human nasopharyngeal organ cultures","volume":"53","author":"Stephens","year":"1987","journal-title":"Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6434","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.184.23.6434-6436.2002","article-title":"Substrate specificity of the AmpG permease required for recycling of cell wall anhydro-muropeptides","volume":"184","author":"Cheng","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.6b00088","article-title":"Neisseria gonorrhoeae Lytic Transglycosylases LtgA and LtgD Reduce Host Innate Immune Signaling through TLR2 and NOD2","volume":"3","author":"Knilans","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2011.02228.x","article-title":"Maintaining network security: How macromolecular structures cross the peptidoglycan layer","volume":"318","author":"Scheurwater","year":"2011","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3469","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.28326-0","article-title":"The putative lytic transglycosylase VirB1 from Brucella suis interacts with the type IV secretion system core components VirB8, VirB9 and VirB11","volume":"151","author":"Hoppner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1099\/13500872-141-4-907","article-title":"Missense mutations that alter the DNA-binding domain of the MtrR protein occur frequently in rectal isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae that are resistant to faecal lipids","volume":"141","author":"Shafer","year":"1995","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1099\/13500872-141-3-611","article-title":"Resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to antimicrobial hydrophobic agents is modulated by the mtrRCDE efflux system","volume":"141","author":"Hagman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-45195-1","article-title":"Hormonal steroids induce multidrug resistance and stress response genes in Neisseria gonorrhoeae by binding to MtrR","volume":"15","author":"Hooks","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4569","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00286-07","article-title":"Differential regulation of ponA and pilMNOPQ expression by the MtrR transcriptional regulatory protein in Neisseria gonorrhoeae","volume":"189","author":"Folster","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01165-08","article-title":"MtrR modulates rpoH expression and levels of antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae","volume":"191","author":"Folster","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"14","article-title":"Evaluation of media used for cultures of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and comparison of commercial and laboratory prepared supplements","volume":"1","author":"Chandler","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Am. Vener. Dis. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gomez-Baena, G., Lopez-Lozano, A., Gil-Martinez, J., Lucena, J.M., Diez, J., Candau, P., and Garcia-Fernandez, J.M. (2008). Glucose uptake and its effect on gene expression in prochlorococcus. PLoS ONE, 3.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0003416"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4123","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.179.13.4123-4128.1997","article-title":"The MtrR repressor binds the DNA sequence between the mtrR and mtrC genes of Neisseria gonorrhoeae","volume":"179","author":"Lucas","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2089","article-title":"NIH Image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis","volume":"9","author":"Schneider","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-3676-2_14","article-title":"Analysis of Peptidoglycan Fragment Release","volume":"1440","author":"Schaub","year":"2016","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3029","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00437-16","article-title":"Neisseria gonorrhoeae crippled its peptidoglycan fragment permease to facilitate toxic peptidoglycan monomer release","volume":"198","author":"Chan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2559","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00010-11","article-title":"Off-target gene regulation mediated by transcriptional repressors of antimicrobial efflux pump genes in Neisseria gonorrhoeae","volume":"55","author":"Johnson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1997.mmi522.x","article-title":"A peptidoglycan hydrolase similar to bacteriophage endolysins acts as an autolysin in Neisseria gonorrhoeae","volume":"25","author":"Dillard","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics4020188","article-title":"The Transcriptional Repressor, MtrR, of the Efflux Pump Operon of Can Also Serve as an Activator of \u201coff Target\u201d Gene () Expression","volume":"4","author":"Johnson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"001231","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.001231","article-title":"Transcriptional regulation of the mtrCDE efflux pump operon: Importance for Neisseria gonorrhoeae antimicrobial resistance","volume":"168","author":"Ayala","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-025-04261-7","article-title":"Coordinated Transcriptional Increases in Cell Wall Synthesis Genes in Neisseria gonorrhoeae Lacking the Lytic Transglycosylase, ltgA","volume":"82","author":"Broadie","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.65.2.587-596.1997","article-title":"Simultaneous prevention of glutamine synthesis and high-affinity transport attenuates Salmonella typhimurium virulence","volume":"65","author":"Klose","year":"1997","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1804","DOI":"10.1086\/522964","article-title":"Regulation of the MtrC-MtrD-MtrE efflux-pump system modulates the in vivo fitness of Neisseria gonorrhoeae","volume":"196","author":"Warner","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1021\/acscentsci.1c00200","article-title":"Bacterial Peptidoglycan Fragments Differentially Regulate Innate Immune Signaling","volume":"7","author":"Bersch","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Cent. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00024","DOI":"10.1097\/IN9.0000000000000024","article-title":"Peptidoglycan-induced modulation of metabolic and inflammatory responses","volume":"5","author":"Wolf","year":"2023","journal-title":"Immunometabolism"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnson, M.B., and Criss, A.K. (2011). Resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to neutrophils. Front. Microbiol., 2.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2011.00077"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Belcher, T., Rollier, C.S., Dold, C., Ross, J.D.C., and MacLennan, C.A. (2023). Immune responses to Neisseria gonorrhoeae and implications for vaccine development. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1248613"},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"1","article-title":"Neisseria gonorrhoeae induces local secretion of IL-10 at the human cervix to promote colonization","volume":"135","author":"Dai","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3756","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-48141-3","article-title":"IL-17C is a driver of damaging inflammation during Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection of human Fallopian tube","volume":"15","author":"Garcia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6460","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0802696","article-title":"Neisseria gonorrhoeae activates the proteinase cathepsin B to mediate the signaling activities of the NLRP3 and ASC-containing inflammasome","volume":"182","author":"Duncan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1992.tb01522.x","article-title":"The interaction of naturally elaborated blebs from serum-susceptible and serum-resistant strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae with normal human serum","volume":"6","author":"Pettit","year":"1992","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179066017750902","DOI":"10.1177\/1179066017750902","article-title":"Neisseria gonorrhoeae-Induced Inflammatory Pyroptosis in Human Macrophages is Dependent on Intracellular Gonococci and Lipooligosaccharide","volume":"11","author":"Ritter","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cell Death"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/128.3.321","article-title":"Multiple antibiotic resistance due to a single mutation in Neisseria gonorrhoeae","volume":"128","author":"Maness","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/14\/2\/474\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T05:19:46Z","timestamp":1771305586000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/14\/2\/474"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms14020474"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms14020474","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]]}}}