{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T03:30:12Z","timestamp":1790998212566,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771286400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea","award":["2021R1I1A3055799"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R1I1A3055799"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wastewater-based microalgal cultivation enables coupling environmental remediation with the production of sustainable, value-added biomass. In this study, Euglena gracilis was cultivated under non-axenic conditions in a 2% anaerobically digested livestock wastewater (LSWW)-based medium to enhance biomass accumulation, paramylon storage, and biodiesel precursor production, while simultaneously removing residual nitrogen and phosphorus. The LSWW medium was strongly phosphate-limited relative to ammoniacal nitrogen (N:P mass ratio ~39:1), which constrained growth. Adjustment of the N:P ratio to ~10:1 by NaH2PO4 supplementation, together with MgSO4\u00b77H2O addition, significantly enhanced biomass production, whereas trace metals and CaCl2 provided minimal benefit. Cultivation at an initial pH of 3 resulted in substantially higher biomass accumulation than at pH 7 under xenic conditions. Under these optimized conditions, total phosphate and ammonia were efficiently removed, decreasing from 5.27 to 0.009 mg\/L (99.8%) and from 57.40 to 2.11 mg\/L (96.3%), respectively. Although paramylon accumulation was low in LSWW alone (~4% dry weight), short-term ethanol supplementation (0.095%, v\/v, 24 h) enhanced paramylon content to ~20% dry weight. Subsequent anaerobic treatment further enhanced lipid conversion, increasing fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) content to ~45% dry weight. Collectively, low-pH non-axenic cultivation of E. gracilis in LSWW, combined with minimal nutrient supplementation, provides an integrated platform for enhanced biomass, paramylon, and biodiesel precursor production with efficient nutrient removal.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms14020483","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T09:22:46Z","timestamp":1771320166000},"page":"483","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Enhanced Biomass, Paramylon, and Lipids Production by Non-Axenic Cultivation of Euglena gracilis in Anaerobically Digested Livestock Wastewater"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Yun-Ju","family":"Kang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Food Science & Technology, Institute of Agriculture & Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyun-Jin","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Food Science & Technology, Institute of Agriculture & Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min-Su","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Food Science & Technology, Institute of Agriculture & Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yeong-Jun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Food Science & Technology, Institute of Agriculture & Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4892-8679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jong-Hee","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Food Science & Technology, Institute of Agriculture & Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"342","article-title":"Effects of livestock and poultry breeding pollution on health risks: Evidence from a hog breeding case in rural China","volume":"18","author":"Fan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin. 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