{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T09:26:44Z","timestamp":1771579604634,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771545600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a zoonosis of major public health importance. In urban areas, Lutzomyia longipalpis is the primary vector of Leishmania (L.) infantum. This study assessed the seasonality, spatiotemporal distribution, and climatic factors associated with L. longipalpis abundance in Ara\u00e7atuba, S\u00e3o Paulo State, and detected Leishmania spp. DNA in captured females. Monthly collections were conducted from March 2023 to February 2024 in 72 households across eight urban areas using CDC-type light traps placed indoors and in peridomestic environments. A total of 1641 specimens (1516 males and 125 females) were captured, with 92.4% originating from peridomestic areas. Area 3 had the highest density (n = 671) and was the only area with PCR-positive females (n = 3). Vector activity peaked in December 2023 (n = 335). Male abundance differed significantly among peridomestic areas, particularly between Areas 3, 5, 6, and 7. In peridomestic areas, higher final temperatures increased vector abundance, whereas higher initial temperatures and humidity reduced it. Indoors, final temperature, humidity, and month were significant predictors. L. longipalpis exhibited a defined seasonal and spatial pattern influenced by climatic conditions. The detection of PCR-positive females (Area 3) highlights the epidemiological role of the vector and underscores the need for targeted interventions to control VL.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms14020500","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T08:50:03Z","timestamp":1771577403000},"page":"500","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sand Fly Fauna (Diptera: Psychodidae): Association Between Climatic Variables and Natural Leishmania Infection in Ara\u00e7atuba, Brazil"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Graziella Borges","family":"Alves","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (Unesp), Ara\u00e7atuba 16050-680, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6413-6861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Debora Regina Romualdo da","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (Unesp), Ara\u00e7atuba 16050-680, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elis Domingos","family":"Ferrari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Union of Colleges of the Great Lakes (UNILAGO), S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 do Rio Preto 15030-070, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lilian Aparecida Colebrusco","family":"Rodas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pasteur Institute, Center for Disease Control, State Department of Health, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-020, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5114-3234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alex Akira","family":"Nakamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (Unesp), Ara\u00e7atuba 16050-680, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carolina Beatriz","family":"Baptista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (Unesp), Ara\u00e7atuba 16050-680, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Camila Pedrozo Rodrigues","family":"Furlan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (Unesp), Ara\u00e7atuba 16050-680, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9629-2292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keuryn Alessandra Mira Luz","family":"Requena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (Unesp), Ara\u00e7atuba 16050-680, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Union of Colleges of the Great Lakes (UNILAGO), S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 do Rio Preto 15030-070, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriele Zaine Teixeira","family":"Debortoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Agricultural Sciences (ICA), Federal University of Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys (UFVJM), Avenida Universit\u00e1rios, 1000, Una\u00ed 39100-000, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8300-0473","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thais Rabelo","family":"Santos-Doni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Agricultural Sciences (ICA), Federal University of Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys (UFVJM), Avenida Universit\u00e1rios, 1000, Una\u00ed 39100-000, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8767-8855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katia Denise Saraiva","family":"Bresciani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (Unesp), Ara\u00e7atuba 16050-680, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3","DOI":"10.35500\/jghs.2020.2.e3","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis: A global overview","volume":"2","author":"Wamai","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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