{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T06:20:43Z","timestamp":1772000443041,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771804800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"GDAS\u2019 Project of Science and Technology Development","award":["2022GDASZH-2022010102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022GDASZH-2022010102"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["32000347"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32000347"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Seed Industry Revitalization Action of the Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of Guangdong Province","award":["2024-XPY-00-014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024-XPY-00-014"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Behavioral maturation is essential for the proper functioning of honey bee societies and is regulated by multiple factors such as juvenile hormone (JH) and nutritional deficiency. Although recent studies have shown that surface-associated microbiota in insects can modulate host behavior, the relationship between body surface microbiota and behavioral maturation in honey bees remains largely unexplored. This study aimed to determine whether the surface microbial communities of honey bees shift with behavioral maturation. By using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, we analyzed the surface microbiota of worker bees at different behavioral stages (newly emerged bees, nurses, and foragers) in both Eastern honey bee Apis cerana and Western honey bee Apis mellifera. The results showed that in both honey bee species, nurse bees exhibited the lowest microbial diversity, while forager bees showed the highest, and newly emerged bees had an intermediate level of microbial diversity. Moreover, beta diversity analyses revealed that the body surface microbiota of worker bees significantly varied across behavioral stages in both bee species and differed between the two bee species at the same behavioral stage. Additionally, in both bee species, at the phylum level, Pseudomonadota, Bacillota, and Actinobacteriota dominated the worker bee body surface microbiota; at the genus level, foragers had more Gilliamella, while nurses harbored more Lactobacillus. Together, our findings reveal the emergence of distinct microbial signatures on honey bee body surfaces during behavioral maturation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms14020513","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T11:39:10Z","timestamp":1771846750000},"page":"513","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Microbial Succession on Honey Bee Body Surfaces Reflects Behavioral Maturation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2604-4921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenbo","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Bee Science and Biomedicine, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510260, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chonghui","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510260, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yane","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510260, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chunling","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510260, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mengfan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510260, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3078-2926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chinese Medicinal Resource, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Yunfu 527527, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1249-2490","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaokang","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Bee Science and Biomedicine, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8819-6009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenfeng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510260, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2023.03.013","article-title":"Conserved role of juvenile hormone in regulating behavioural maturation and division of labour in a highly eusocial wasp","volume":"200","author":"Ferreira","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anim. 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