{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T12:07:54Z","timestamp":1788350874399,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771891200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The ocular surface microbiome plays a critical role in maintaining ocular health, preventing infections, and regulating immune responses. Contact lens (CL) wear has been linked to alterations in microbial composition, potentially leading to dysbiosis and increased susceptibility to ocular infections. This review aims to summarize current evidence on the effects of CL use on the ocular microbiome and to discuss strategies to preserve microbial homeostasis. A literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar for English-language human studies published between January 2005 and January 2025. We included original studies and systematic reviews evaluating the ocular surface bacterial community in contact lens (CL) wearers using either sequencing-based approaches (microbiome; e.g., 16S rRNA gene sequencing\/metagenomics) or culture-based methods (microbiota). Two authors screened titles\/abstracts and full texts. Overall, 12 studies met the inclusion criteria and were qualitatively synthesized. Across included studies, CL wear was associated with reproducible changes in the ocular surface bacterial community, most commonly a shift toward a skin-like profile and increased detection\/relative abundance of opportunistic taxa (e.g., Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, and Staphylococcus aureus) together with reduced representation of typical ocular commensals in several sequencing-based datasets. Culture-based studies reported increased recovery of opportunistic bacteria from lenses and storage cases, supporting contamination\/biofilm-related mechanisms. Lens care solutions and preservatives were reported to modulate bacterial profiles and may contribute to dysbiosis, although evidence remains heterogeneous across study designs and analytic pipelines. CL use is associated with significant alterations in the ocular microbiome, increasing the risk of microbial keratitis and corneal inflammatory events. Strategies to maintain microbial balance, including careful selection of lens care products and development of antimicrobial lenses, may improve ocular surface health in CL wearers. Future longitudinal studies with standardized sampling and analytic workflows are needed to clarify causal links between CL-associated microbial changes and clinical outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms14030518","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T10:14:44Z","timestamp":1771928084000},"page":"518","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Ocular Surface Bacterial Microbiome and the Impact of Contact Lens Use: A Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-3513-5826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"De Luca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Clinic, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4347-6573","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Feliciana","family":"Menna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, U.O.C. Ophthalmology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Firenze 1, 04019 Terracina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9962-7489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Lupo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, U.O.C. Ophthalmology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Firenze 1, 04019 Terracina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8363-5866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enzo Maria","family":"Vingolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, U.O.C. Ophthalmology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Firenze 1, 04019 Terracina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2979-1638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo Mario","family":"Carl\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Department, \u201cFondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS\u201d, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2615-436X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maura","family":"Mancini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Clinic, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni William","family":"Oliverio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Clinic, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Letteria","family":"Minutoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Clinic, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8934-8665","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Baldascino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Department, \u201cFondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS\u201d, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1829-9288","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cosimo","family":"Mazzotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Enna \u201cKore\u201d, 94100 Enna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9582-9799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pasquale","family":"Aragona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Clinic, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7546-9178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Meduri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Clinic, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4391","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.07-0770","article-title":"The ocular surface: The challenge to enable and protect vision: The Friedenwald lecture","volume":"48","author":"Gipson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Investig. 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