{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T18:06:24Z","timestamp":1772647584768,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772582400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In vitro studies were conducted in a series to investigate if the ruminal microbes are capable of degrading chlorpyrifos. This in vitro study presents the results from three experiments: Exp. I was conducted without feed, while Exp II and III were conducted with feed, either with or without methanol for dissolving chlorpyrifos, respectively. A basal diet comprising finger millet straw and concentrate was prepared. Incubation medium with feed but without chlorpyrifos served as the control. A total of six replicates each of control and chlorpyrifos spiked were used for the incubation. The pesticide concentration in the incubation medium before and after 24 h of incubation was analyzed using GC-MS\/MS. The genomic DNA was isolated from the incubation fluid of the individual samples, and the shotgun metagenomic sequencing was performed. The clean reads were taxonomically classified using the Kraken2 database, and microbial classification at different taxonomic ranks was separated using Pavian v1.0. The microbial genes in the metagenome data were predicted and assigned functional roles using the MetaErg v1.2.3 pipeline. The assigned KEGG Orthology (KO), EC numbers (Enzyme Commission number), Gene Ontology (GO), and corresponding NCBI taxonomy information relevant to chlorpyrifos metabolism\/degradation were retrieved. Results from the study revealed that the chlorpyrifos concentration was decreased from 5.78 to 1.64 ppm over 24 h of in vitro incubation with feed. Similar alpha and beta diversity indices between control and chlorpyrifos treatments revealed that the richness and the evenness of the microbial population were not affected by the presence of chlorpyrifos in the rumen fluid. There was no difference in the microbiota affiliated to the major phyla such as Bacteroidota, Fibrobacterota, Bacillota, and Pseudomonadota. The EC 3.1.8.1, EC 3.1.3.1, EC 1.14.13.-, and EC 1.1.1.- reported for chlorpyrifos degradation were not detected in the metagenome, and only EC 3.1.1.1 was identified, which demonstrated that degradation of chlorpyrifos was carried out by the affiliated enzyme carboxylesterase. The presence of GO:0004035, GO:0004364, GO:0019637, GO:0016791, and GO:0042178 in the metagenome strengthens that the chlorpyrifos degradation in the present study was primarily assigned to the rumen microbiota. This in vitro study provided insights into the rumen microbiota involved in the chlorpyrifos degradation and the initial clue that the rumen microbes are capable of degrading chlorpyrifos. Further, the animal studies in different species with the variable levels of chlorpyrifos are also warranted to confirm the efficacy of rumen microbes in mixed syntrophy and determine the threshold capabilities of the ruminal microbes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms14030581","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T15:01:07Z","timestamp":1772636467000},"page":"581","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["In Vitro Degradation of Chlorpyrifos by the Ruminal Microbes: Insights from the Rumen Metagenome"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6581-4772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pradeep Kumar","family":"Malik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bengaluru 560030, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Archit","family":"Mohapatra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bengaluru 560030, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3613-564X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shraddha","family":"Trivedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bengaluru 560030, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3243-4140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Atul Purushottam","family":"Kolte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bengaluru 560030, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6758-6929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Artabandhu","family":"Sahoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bengaluru 560030, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5074-185X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raghavendra","family":"Bhatta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi 110001, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"FAO (2024). 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