{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T04:17:39Z","timestamp":1781842659157,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772668800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention","award":["102393240020020000003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["102393240020020000003"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Influenza A virus (IAV) remains a major global threat, highlighting the need for host-targeted antiviral strategies. While some probiotics offer prophylactic protection, their therapeutic potential post-infection is poorly understood. Here, we investigated human-derived Lactobacillus brevis ZG2488 for its antiviral potential against IAV. Strikingly, a more pronounced reduction in viral titer was observed when live bacteria were administered therapeutically post-infection, compared to preventive pretreatment. Transcriptomic analysis suggested that the therapeutic effect of viable bacteria was associated with a modulated host response, including the downregulation of specific host factors implicated in viral replication (e.g., KPNA2, NUP98, EIF2S1) and a delayed interferon-beta (IFNB1) induction. In contrast, preventive effects appeared to be mediated by heat-stable components. These findings highlight a viability-dependent mode of action for L. brevis ZG2488 and contribute to the growing evidence that certain probiotics may exert antiviral effects through targeted host modulation rather than solely through broad immune activation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms14030586","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T13:11:22Z","timestamp":1772716282000},"page":"586","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Therapeutic Administration of Lactobacillus brevis ZG2488 Suppresses Influenza A Virus Replication Through a Viability-Dependent Host Transcriptional Modulation Mechanism"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Mengshan","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China"},{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yulu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1738-7144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhijie","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhihong","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kun","family":"Yue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unite for Unknown Microbe, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji","family":"Pu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenbo","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianguo","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China"},{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China"},{"name":"Research Unite for Unknown Microbe, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China"},{"name":"Research Center for Reverse Microbial Etiology, Workstation of Academician, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2017.118","article-title":"The evolution of seasonal influenza viruses","volume":"16","author":"Petrova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. 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