{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T13:45:58Z","timestamp":1790343958844,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":223,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773187200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004610","name":"Science and Technology Project of Jiangsu Province","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["BE2023704"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BE2023704"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004610","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) constitutes one of the most severe and pressing threats to global public health, food security, and environmental integrity. This review synthesizes current evidence across interconnected One Health domains\u2014humans, animals, food, and the environment\u2014to delineate the scope, mechanisms, and drivers of AMR transmission. Our analysis reveals three principal findings. First, the scope of AMR is alarmingly extensive, with antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and genes (ARGs) now pervasive across all four ecological compartments, transcending traditional clinical boundaries. Second, this widespread distribution is critically facilitated by horizontal gene transfer mechanisms, particularly via mobile genetic elements such as plasmids, which enable ARGs to disseminate rapidly between diverse bacterial populations across different ecosystems. Third, we identify multiple interconnected drivers that actively promote this cross-ecosystem spread, encompassing both evolutionary and transmission drivers. By characterizing these critical transmission pathways and underlying drivers, this review provides an integrated framework to identify critical transmission risks and inform integrated strategies for mitigating antimicrobial resistance across One Health domains.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms14030634","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T10:43:27Z","timestamp":1773225807000},"page":"634","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Transmission and Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance Genes and Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria in Animals, Food, Humans and the Environment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Linjuan","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuxin","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhangheng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2973-1523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hong","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hlife.2023.11.004","article-title":"Status and challenges of global antimicrobial resistance control: A dialogue between Professors Yonghong Xiao and Takeshi Nishijima","volume":"2","author":"Xiao","year":"2024","journal-title":"hLife"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)01867-1","article-title":"Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance 1990\u20132021: A systematic analysis with forecasts to 2050","volume":"404","author":"Naghavi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70676","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.70676","article-title":"The roles of history, chance, and natural selection in the evolution of antibiotic resistance","volume":"10","author":"Marshall","year":"2021","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1038\/s41396-020-00832-7","article-title":"Ecology and evolution of antimicrobial resistance in bacterial communities","volume":"15","author":"Bottery","year":"2021","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-021-00650-4","article-title":"Horizontal gene transfer and adaptive evolution in bacteria","volume":"20","author":"Arnold","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. 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