{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T12:47:22Z","timestamp":1773665242701,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773446400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Emerging evidence suggests that gut microbiota significantly influence female reproductive health by affecting hormonal, immune and metabolic processes. This research explored how a probiotic blend comprising Lactobacillus crispatus novaLCR6, Limosilactobacillus fermentum novaLF58 and Bifidobacterium bifidum novaBBF9 affects the gut\u2013myometrium and gut\u2013ovary axes. Intestinal epithelial cells were exposed to individual probiotics or their combination using a Transwell\u00ae setup; their effects on barrier integrity, probiotic activity and short-chain fatty acid production were measured. Subsequently, basolateral metabolites were applied to myometrial and ovarian cells to assess viability, proliferation, oxidative stress, inflammation, signalling pathways and hormone production. All probiotics enhanced intestinal cell viability and barrier function. The combined probiotic showed synergistic effects, enhancing butyrate production by ~23\u201351%, improving myometrial proliferation by up to ~78%, decreasing ROS and TNF-\u03b1 levels by ~49% and ~74% and modulating oxytocin signalling. In ovarian cells, the probiotic mixture activated ERK\/MAPK and PI3K\/AKT pathways, normalised PAK1, ER\u03b2 and PAX8 expressions and significantly increased LH and FSH secretion compared to single strains. These findings suggest that a multi-strain probiotic may modulate pathways involved in reproductive tissue homeostasis through gut\u2013reproductive axis interactions, providing mechanistic insight from an in vitro study.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms14030661","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T11:13:14Z","timestamp":1773659594000},"page":"661","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Probiotic Modulation of the Gut\u2013Ovary and Gut\u2013Myometrium Axes: An In Vitro Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Simone","family":"Mul\u00e8","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Physiology, Department for Sustainable Development and Ecological Transition, University of Piemonte Orientale, UPO, 13100 Vercelli, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Parini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Noivita S.r.l.s., Spin Off of University of Piemonte Orientale, Strada Privata Curti n. 7, 28100 Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Galla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Noivita S.r.l.s., Spin Off of University of Piemonte Orientale, Strada Privata Curti n. 7, 28100 Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5751-270X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Uberti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Physiology, Department for Sustainable Development and Ecological Transition, University of Piemonte Orientale, UPO, 13100 Vercelli, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715735","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/715735","article-title":"Physiologic Course of Female Reproductive Function: A Molecular Look into the Prologue of Life","volume":"2015","author":"Rojas","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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