{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T19:36:46Z","timestamp":1778701006937,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773878400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004252","name":"Qatar University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["QUCG-CAS-23\/24-114"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QUCG-CAS-23\/24-114"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004252","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Qatar Research, Development and Innovation (QRDI), a member of Qatar Foundation","award":["UREP30-041-3-014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UREP30-041-3-014"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008982","name":"Qatar National Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NPRP13S-0128-200185"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NPRP13S-0128-200185"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008982","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Houssein Ayoub by QRDI","award":["ARG01-0524-230321"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ARG01-0524-230321"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008982","name":"Nadine Younes by QNRF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GSRA8-L-1-0501-21022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GSRA8-L-1-0501-21022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008982","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remains a major global health challenge, requiring accurate diagnostic testing for early detection. Chemiluminescent immunoassay screening, particularly the Architect HIV Ag\/Ab Combo assay, followed by immunoblot confirmation using INNO-LIA\u2122 has traditionally been used in many diagnostic workflows. To address these limitations, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends the use of an HIV-1\/2 antibody differentiation immunoassay, such as the Geenius HIV-1\/2 Supplemental Assay, as part of the confirmatory testing algorithm. This study evaluates the performance of two rapid HIV-1\/2 confirmatory assays\u2014the Multisure HIV-1\/2 Confirmatory Test and the Bio-Rad Geenius HIV-1\/2 Supplemental Assay\u2014within a CDC-aligned diagnostic framework, with the aim of assessing Multisure as a potential alternative differentiation assay. A total of 224 archived serum samples were analyzed, including true positives (n = 38), true negatives (n = 139), false positives (n = 20), and INNO-LIA\u2122 indeterminate samples (n = 27), as defined by Architect HIV and INNO-LIA\u2122 results. Samples were initially screened using the Architect HIV Ag\/Ab Combo assay, confirmed by INNO-LIA\u2122 and PCR, and subsequently re-tested using Multisure HIV-1\/2 and Geenius HIV-1\/2 assays. Diagnostic performance metrics were evaluated. Both rapid assays demonstrated 100% sensitivity and specificity when compared with INNO-LIA\u2122. Among INNO-LIA\u2122 indeterminate samples, Multisure HIV-1\/2 classified 81.5% as negative compared with 55.6% using Geenius HIV-1\/2. When compared with PCR, Multisure demonstrated higher specificity (89.2%) and positive predictive value (89.5%) than Geenius (82.9% and 84.6%). No confirmed HIV-2 infections were identified in the analyzed dataset, and HIV-1 subtype information was not available for the archived samples; therefore, conclusions regarding HIV-1\/2 differentiation are based primarily on assay design and antigenic targets. Multisure HIV-1\/2 demonstrated strong diagnostic performance comparable to established differentiation assays and may represent a practical alternative rapid confirmatory option within CDC-aligned HIV diagnostic workflows. Further studies including larger datasets and confirmed HIV-2 infections are warranted to further validate its clinical utility.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms14030693","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T11:50:36Z","timestamp":1773921036000},"page":"693","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Advancing HIV Diagnostics: Comparative Evaluation of Multisure HIV-1\/2 Rapid Confirmatory Test Against Geenius and Traditional Reference Assays Within a CDC-Aligned Diagnostic Framework"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0102-8155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed","family":"Ismail","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Section, Medical Commission Department, Ministry of Public Health, Doha P.O. Box 42, Qatar"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Israa M.","family":"Salameh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nadin","family":"Younes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University Health Sector, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Parveen B.","family":"Nizamuddin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shaden","family":"Abunasser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University Health Sector, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Salma","family":"Younes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University Health Sector, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Abdelmohsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University Health Sector, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mazen N.","family":"Abouassali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Section, Medical Commission Department, Ministry of Public Health, Doha P.O. Box 42, Qatar"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manal","family":"Elshaikh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Section, Medical Commission Department, Ministry of Public Health, Doha P.O. Box 42, Qatar"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ibrahim W.","family":"Karimeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Section, Medical Commission Department, Ministry of Public Health, Doha P.O. Box 42, Qatar"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammed A.","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Section, Medical Commission Department, Ministry of Public Health, Doha P.O. Box 42, Qatar"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mutaz M.","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Section, Medical Commission Department, Ministry of Public Health, Doha P.O. Box 42, Qatar"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ibrahim","family":"Al Shaar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Section, Medical Commission Department, Ministry of Public Health, Doha P.O. Box 42, Qatar"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9336-1140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haris","family":"Ong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MP Biomedicals Asia Pacific Pte. Ltd., 2 Pioneer Place, Singapore 627885, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"\u00c7i\u011fdem S.","family":"Zhmurov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Graduate School of Science, \u00dcsk\u00fcdar University, Istanbul 34662, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7592-2788","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hadi M.","family":"Yassine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University Health Sector, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0790-0506","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laith J.","family":"Abu-Raddad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Cornell University, Qatar Foundation-Education City, Doha 24144, Qatar"},{"name":"World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Disease Epidemiology Analytics on HIV\/AIDS, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Viral Hepatitis, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Cornell University, Qatar Foundation-Education City, Doha 24144, Qatar"},{"name":"Department of Healthcare Policy and Research, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2512-6657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Houssein","family":"Ayoub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mathematics Program, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9252-1038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gheyath K.","family":"Nasrallah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University Health Sector, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fong, I.W. (2020). Blood Transfusion-Associated Infections in the Twenty-First Century: New Challenges. Current Trends and Concerns in Infectious Diseases, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-36966-8_8"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2025, December 22). Global Statistics HIV.gov, Available online: https:\/\/www.hiv.gov\/hiv-basics\/overview\/data-and-trends\/global-statistics."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balakrishnan, P., Smiline Girija, A.S., Shanmugam, S., Kannan, I., Vignesh, R., Shankar, E.M., and Sucharitha, S.T. (2023). The Implementation of HIV Self-Testing in Resource-Limited Settings Where the HIV Disease Burden is High. Int. J. Public Health, 68.","DOI":"10.3389\/ijph.2023.1605790"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-018-02385-5","article-title":"Barriers to HIV Testing: Patient and Provider Perspectives in the Deep South","volume":"23","author":"Wise","year":"2019","journal-title":"AIDS Behav."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfda.2013.09.043","article-title":"HIV treatment as prevention: The key to an AIDS-free generation","volume":"21","author":"Hull","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Food Drug Anal."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0000000000000121","article-title":"How can we better identify early HIV infections?","volume":"10","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2019-054358","article-title":"Call to action for health systems integration of point-of-care testing to mitigate the transmission and burden of sexually transmitted infections","volume":"96","author":"Toskin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sex. Transm. Infect."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"296840","article-title":"Rapid Tests versus ELISA for Screening of HIV Infection: Our Experience from a Voluntary Counselling and Testing Facility of a Tertiary Care Centre in North India","volume":"2014","author":"Mehra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. Sch. Res. Not."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28177","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-78271-z","article-title":"Evaluation of the mindray CL900i CLIA HIV Ag\/Ab combo assay for sensitive and specific HIV screening compared to established methods","volume":"14","author":"Nasrallah","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Curtis, K.A., Rudolph, D.L., Pan, Y., Delaney, K., Anastos, K., DeHovitz, J., Kassaye, S.G., Hanson, C.V., French, A.L., and Golub, E. (2021). Evaluation of the Abbott ARCHITECT HIV Ag\/Ab combo assay for determining recent HIV-1 infection. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0242641"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.12807","article-title":"HIV testing strategies outside of health care settings in the European Union (EU)\/European Economic Area (EEA): A systematic review to inform European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control guidance","volume":"21","author":"Croxford","year":"2020","journal-title":"HIV Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nasrallah, G.K., Al-Buainain, R., Younes, N., Dargham, S.R., Al-Sadeq, D.W., Elhassan, M., Al-Shaar, I., Yassine, H.M., Abu-Raddad, L.J., and Emara, M.M. (2023). Screening and diagnostic testing protocols for HIV and Syphilis infections in health care setting in Qatar: Evaluation and recommendations. PLoS ONE, 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0278079"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Branson, B., Owen, M., Bennett, B., Werner, B., Wroblewski, L., and Pentella, M. (2014). Laboratory Testing for the Diagnosis of HIV Infection: Updated Recommendations."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"CDC (2026, January 22). Quick Reference Guide: Recommended Laboratory HIV Testing Algorithm for Serum or Plasma Specimens, Available online: https:\/\/stacks.cdc.gov\/view\/cdc\/50872."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"613","article-title":"Comparison of Two Anti-HIV Confirmatory Assays: Recombinant HIV 1\/2 Line Immunoassay and Geenius HIV 1\/2 Confirmatory Test","volume":"54","author":"Zeytinoglu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mikrobiyol. Bul."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.001186","article-title":"HIV serology false positivity among expatriates from Africa: A screening dilemma","volume":"69","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"40","article-title":"Comparative study of HIV-1\/2 antibody confirmatory assay: Geenius\u2122 versus INNO-LIA\u2122","volume":"30","author":"Aguinaga","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Esp. Quimioter."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00619-23","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.00619-23","article-title":"Are Confirmatory Assays Reliable for HIV-1\/HIV-2 Infection Differentiation? A Multicenter Study","volume":"61","author":"Guiraud","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wong, C.C., Lim, S.H., Tan, C.T., Lui, S.Y., Lee, Y.L., and Chan, K.P. (2018). Performance of the HIV Blot 2.2, INNO-LIA HIV I\/II Score, and Geenius HIV 1\/2 Confirmatory Assay for use in HIV confirmation. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0199502"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2677","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01184-14","article-title":"Evaluation of the Bio-Rad Geenius HIV 1\/2 assay as an alternative to the INNO-LIA HIV 1\/2 assay for confirmation of HIV infection","volume":"52","author":"Mor","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2011.09.013","article-title":"Performance of an alternative laboratory-based algorithm for HIV diagnosis in a high-risk population","volume":"52","author":"Delaney","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2015.08.015","article-title":"Evaluation of two HIV antibody confirmatory assays: Geenius\u2122 HIV1\/2 Confirmatory Assay and the recomLine HIV-1 & HIV-2 IgG Line Immunoassay","volume":"224","author":"Friedrichs","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2021.40.231.25149","article-title":"Treatment outcomes and characteristics of HIV-2 patients compared to HIV-1 patients on an NNRTI-based first line art at the adult infectious diseases centre of the University Teaching Hospital (UTH) in Lusaka","volume":"40","author":"Bhebhe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pan. Afr. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1177\/00333549081230S307","article-title":"Comparing the Costs of HIV Screening Strategies and Technologies in Health-Care Settings","volume":"123","author":"Farnham","year":"2008","journal-title":"Public Health Rep."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.4103\/ajts.ajts_75_21","article-title":"Internal quality control for HIV testing of blood donors\u2014Dried tube specimen as a cost-effective alternative","volume":"16","author":"Dhoot","year":"2022","journal-title":"Asian J. Transfus. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-014-0832-x","article-title":"Realizing the potential for HIV self-testing","volume":"18","author":"Johnson","year":"2014","journal-title":"AIDS Behav."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e3283567b00","article-title":"HIV in the tropics: Staging in the resource-limited setting","volume":"25","author":"Varughese","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Infect."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"3","article-title":"HIV and Hepatitis Testing: Global Progress, Challenges, and Future Directions","volume":"18","author":"Easterbrook","year":"2016","journal-title":"AIDS Rev."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2022.105189","article-title":"Evaluation of the Geenius HIV 1\/2 confirmatory assay for HIV-2 samples isolated in Japan","volume":"152","author":"Shigemi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trad071","article-title":"Evaluating the sensitivity and specificity of Determine HIV-1\/2 rapid test using a 0.01M phosphate-buffered saline produced at the Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia for the diagnosis of HIV","volume":"118","author":"Bah","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00836-23","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.00836-23","article-title":"Evaluation of the VioOne HIV profile supplemental assay","volume":"62","author":"Franz","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e189","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2018-1074","article-title":"Evaluation of the MULTISURE HIV Rapid Test in a Korean population with low human immunodeficiency virus prevalence","volume":"57","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Chem. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"(2025, December 12). ARCHITECT HIV Ag\/Ab Combo Reagent Insert, Available online: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/media\/116836\/download."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"WHO (2015). Prequalification of In Vitro Diagnostics Programme, WHO. Public Report."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (2014). Geenius\u2122 HIV 1\/2 Supplemental Assay."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"MP Biomedicals (2022). MULTISURE\u00ae HIV 1\/2 Confirmatory Test, MP Biomedicals."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.02.052","article-title":"Performance evaluation of novel fluorescent-based lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) for rapid detection and quantification of total anti-SARS-CoV-2 S-RBD binding antibodies in infected individuals","volume":"118","author":"Shurrab","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Younes, N., Al-Sadeq, D.W., Shurrab, F.M., Zedan, H.T., Abou-Saleh, H., Abo-Halawa, B.Y., AlHamaydeh, F.M., Elsharafi, A.E., Daas, H.I., and Thomas, S. (2022). Validation of a Novel Fluorescent Lateral Flow Assay for Rapid Qualitative and Quantitative Assessment of Total Anti-SARS-CoV-2 S-RBD Binding Antibody Units (BAU) from Plasma or Fingerstick Whole-Blood of COVID-19 Vaccinees. Vaccines, 10.","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.01.04.22268754"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1177\/0013164416663277","article-title":"Kappa and Rater Accuracy: Paradigms and Parameters","volume":"77","author":"Conger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Educ. Psychol. Meas."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-022-05402-8","article-title":"Methodological issues on evaluating agreement between two detection methods by Cohen\u2019s kappa analysis","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115034","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2024.115034","article-title":"Performance of an in-house multiplex PCR assay for HIV-1 drug resistance testing\u2014A cheaper alternative","volume":"330","author":"Fortuin","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.280.12.1080","article-title":"False-positive HIV-1 test results in a low-risk screening setting of voluntary blood donation. Retrovirus Epidemiology Donor Study","volume":"280","author":"Kleinman","year":"1998","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"160","article-title":"Indeterminate human immunodeficiency virus Western blot profiles in ethiopians with discordant screening-assay results","volume":"9","author":"Meles","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2013.06.019","article-title":"Use of rapid HIV assays as supplemental tests in specimens with repeatedly reactive screening immunoassay results not confirmed by HIV-1 Western blot","volume":"58","author":"Wesolowski","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moon, H.W., Huh, H.J., Oh, G.Y., Lee, S.G., Lee, A., Yun, Y.M., and Hur, M. (2015). Evaluation of the Bio-Rad Geenius HIV 1\/2 Confirmation Assay as an Alternative to Western Blot in the Korean Population: A Multi-Center Study. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0139169"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, X., Liu, X., Chen, J., Bao, Y., Hou, J., Lu, X., Xia, W., Xia, H., Song, A., and Liu, Z. (2018). Evaluation of Blood-Based Antibody Rapid Testing for HIV Early Therapy: A Meta-Analysis of the Evidence. Front. Immunol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01458"}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/14\/3\/693\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T12:10:12Z","timestamp":1773922212000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/14\/3\/693"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms14030693"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms14030693","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]]}}}