{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T14:58:54Z","timestamp":1774277934375,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":112,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,22]],"date-time":"2026-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774137600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) emerges and circulates across interconnected human, animal, food, and environmental reservoirs; however, food fermentation systems remain underexplored as indicators of local AMR pressure, even though artisanal dairy fermentations may function as natural sentinels of AMR. In this study, we used an artisanal dairy fermentation chain as a One Health model to investigate whether environmentally exposed lactobacilli can reflect stage-associated shifts in resistance. A total of 1.085 isolates representing 16 Lactobacillus species were recovered from the same artisanal dairy matrix at two fermentation stages: day 5 (\u201cTyrovolia\u201d; n = 518) and day 30 (\u201cKopanisti\u201d; n = 567). Susceptibility to 14 antibiotics was evaluated by broth micro-dilution, and L. acidophilus was further screened for selected resistance genes. Overall resistance increased significantly from 69.88% (362\/518) at day 5 to 77.25% (438\/567) at day 30 (p = 0.0059), while multidrug resistance rose from 37.57% to 60.73% of resistant isolates (p &lt; 0.001). Across the 224 species\u2013antibiotic combinations examined, 129 (57.58%) showed an increased upper MIC limit at day 30, and resistance increased significantly for 9 of the 14 antibiotics tested, with the largest rises observed for metronidazole (RR = 7.67), chloramphenicol (RR = 5.74), quinupristin\/dalfopristin (RR = 4.11), vancomycin (RR = 2.78), and trimethoprim (RR = 2.43). In contrast, erythromycin and oxytetracycline resistance declined significantly at the ripened stage. In L. acidophilus, 21 resistance genes were detected in 14\/70 day-5 isolates and 19 genes in 13\/71 day-30 isolates, but marked genotype\u2013phenotype discordance was observed, including matrix-dependent expression patterns for tetM, ermB, and blaTEM. Collectively, these findings show that environmentally exposed artisanal dairy fermentations can enrich resistance phenotypes and may serve as sensitive sentinels of AMR dynamics at the human\u2013animal\u2013environment interface.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms14030712","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T13:53:34Z","timestamp":1774274014000},"page":"712","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["One Health Investigation of Stage-Dependent Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns Across Intermediate and Ripened Dairy Matrices: The Tyrovolia\u2013Kopanisti Paradigm"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Georgios","family":"Rozos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Health, Food Hygiene and Quality, Department of Agriculture, School of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, 47150 Arta, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Konstantina","family":"Fotou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Health, Food Hygiene and Quality, Department of Agriculture, School of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, 47150 Arta, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2474-4859","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vaia","family":"Gerokomou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Health, Food Hygiene and Quality, Department of Agriculture, School of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, 47150 Arta, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Konstantina","family":"Nikolaou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Health, Food Hygiene and Quality, Department of Agriculture, School of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, 47150 Arta, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aikaterini","family":"Dadamogia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Health, Food Hygiene and Quality, Department of Agriculture, School of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, 47150 Arta, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lampros","family":"Hatzizisis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Science, Nutrition and Biotechnology, Department of Agriculture, School of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, 47150 Arta, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ioannis","family":"Skoufos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Science, Nutrition and Biotechnology, Department of Agriculture, School of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, 47150 Arta, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2615-7068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Athina","family":"Tzora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Health, Food Hygiene and Quality, Department of Agriculture, School of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, 47150 Arta, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2010-2544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eugenia","family":"Bezirtzoglou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Protection, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Dragana, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8035-1710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chrysoula (Chrysa)","family":"Voidarou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Health, Food Hygiene and Quality, Department of Agriculture, School of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, 47150 Arta, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2019.05.024","article-title":"Global economic impact of antibiotic resistance: A review","volume":"19","author":"Ahmad","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. 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