{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T13:11:24Z","timestamp":1792069884890,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774224000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (RVVC) affects 5\u20138% of women of reproductive age. Host genetic factors, particularly single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in Toll-like receptors (TLRs), may influence RVVC susceptibility by impairing vaginal mucosal antifungal immunity. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of SNPs in genes encoding TLRs on RVVC susceptibility. \u03a4he distribution of TLR2 Arg753Gln and TLR4 Asp299Gly\/Thr399Ile polymorphisms in Greek women, including RVVC (n = 63), first-episode VVC (n = 37), Gardnerella vaginalis vaginitis (GV, n = 36) patients, and healthy controls (n = 61), was investigated using TaqMan SNP genotyping. Genotype and allele frequencies were analyzed under allelic and dominant models, with odds ratios (ORs), 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and linkage disequilibrium assessed. TLR4 Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile heterozygotes were significantly more frequent in RVVC patients compared with controls and affected RVVC susceptibility (OR: 5.57, 95% CI: 1.17\u201326.56, p: 0.0172; OR: 4.92, 95% CI: 1.02\u201323.78, p: 0.0306, respectively). No associations were observed for TLR2 Arg753Gln or for any SNP with GV or first-episode VVC. TLR4 variants co-segregated, indicating a haplotype effect. TLR4 haplotypes, rather than TLR2 polymorphism, confer increased RVVC susceptibility, supporting a genetically distinct, mucosal immunity-driven pathogenesis. Larger, ethnically diverse studies with functional assays are warranted to validate these findings and guide personalized prevention and treatment strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms14030727","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T16:40:20Z","timestamp":1774284020000},"page":"727","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Association of TLR4 Polymorphisms with Increased Susceptibility to Recurrent Vulvovaginal Candidiasis in Greek Women"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Maria","family":"Mavrouli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7031-8177","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chrysoula","family":"Verra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, General Maternity Hospital \u201cElena Venizelou\u201d, 11521 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0656-4715","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Athanasios","family":"Tsakris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5819-021X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"Routsias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2018.10.009","article-title":"SNPs in 3\u2032-UTR region of MBL2 increases susceptibility to recurrent vulvovaginal infections by altering sMBL levels","volume":"224","author":"Kalia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gubran, A.N.M., Al-Baghdadi, M.A.A., and Al-Haidary, N.M. (2026). Vulvovaginal candidiasis and antifungal susceptibility pattern of isolated Candida spp. among women in Aden Governorate, Yemen. BMC Infect. Dis., 26.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-025-12471-4"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.06.067","article-title":"Recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis","volume":"214","author":"Sobel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1097\/LGT.0b013e318273e8cf","article-title":"Prevalence of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis in 5 European countries and the United States: Results from an internet panel survey","volume":"17","author":"Foxman","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Low. Genit. Tract Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-016-0470-2","article-title":"Health-related quality of life as measured with the Short-Form 36 (SF-36) questionnaire in patients with recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis","volume":"14","author":"Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Health Qual. Life Outcomes"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2017.08.010","article-title":"Recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis","volume":"27","author":"Blostein","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e339","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30103-8","article-title":"Global burden of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis: A systematic review","volume":"18","author":"Denning","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosati, D., Bruno, M., Jaeger, M., Ten Oever, J., and Netea, M.G. (2020). Recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis: An immunological perspective. Microorganisms, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8020144"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ardizzoni, A., Wheeler, R.T., and Pericolini, E. (2021). It takes two to tango: How a dysregulation of the innate immunity, coupled with Candida virulence, triggers VVC onset. Front. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.692491"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(85)80009-0","article-title":"Repeated candidiasis: Reinfection or recrudescence? A review","volume":"152","author":"Milsom","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(85)80003-X","article-title":"Epidemiology and pathogenesis of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis","volume":"152","author":"Sobel","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(12)90722-X","article-title":"Epidemiology of vaginitis","volume":"165","author":"Kent","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.3109\/1040841X.2015.1091805","article-title":"Vulvovaginal candidiasis: Epidemiology, microbiology and risk factors","volume":"42","author":"Ferreira","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6195712","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/6195712","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of vulvovaginal candidosis during pregnancy: A review","volume":"2022","author":"Disha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Donders, G., Sziller, I.O., Paavonen, J., Hay, P., de Seta, F., Bohbot, J.M., Kotarski, J., Vives, J.A., Szabo, B., and Cepulien\u00e9, R. (2022). Management of recurrent vulvovaginal candidosis: Narrative review of the literature and European expert panel opinion. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.934353"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2024.08.018","article-title":"Host-microbe interaction paradigms in acute and recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis","volume":"32","author":"MacAlpine","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lobo, M., Cerqueira, C., Rodrigues, A.G., and Lisboa, C. (2025). Recurrent vulvovaginal candidosis and its underlying mechanisms: A systematic review. J. Fungi, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof11050357"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Routsias, J., Verra, C., Tsiakalos, A., Tsakris, A., and Mavrouli, M. (2025). The role of TLR2\/TLR4 receptors in host genetic susceptibility to recurrent vulvovaginitis. J. Fungi, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof11110804"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balakrishnan, S.N., Yamang, H., Lorenz, M.C., Chew, S.Y., and Than, L.T.L. (2022). Role of vaginal mucosa, host immunity and microbiota in vulvovaginal candidiasis. Pathogens, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11060618"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gaziano, R., Sabbatini, S., and Monari, C. (2023). The interplay between Candida albicans, vaginal mucosa, host immunity and resident microbiota in health and disease: An overview and future perspectives. Microorganisms, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11051211"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.16.4.637-646.2003","article-title":"Role of Toll-like receptors in pathogen recognition","volume":"16","author":"Janssens","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2004.08.018","article-title":"Toll-like receptors: Linking innate and adaptive immunity","volume":"6","author":"Pasare","year":"2004","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2010.03.012","article-title":"Intracellular toll-like receptors","volume":"32","author":"Blasius","year":"2010","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1863","article-title":"The role of pattern-recognition receptors in innate immunity: Update on Toll-like receptors","volume":"11","author":"Kawai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kawasaki, T., and Kawai, T. (2014). Toll-like receptor signaling pathways. Front. Immunol., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00461"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duan, T., Du, Y., Xing, C., Wang, H.Y., and Wang, R.F. (2022). Toll-like receptor signaling and its role in cell-mediated immunity. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.812774"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1086\/375784","article-title":"Candida albicans phospholipomannan is sensed through toll-like receptors","volume":"188","author":"Jouault","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1642","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI27114","article-title":"Immune sensing of Candida albicans requires cooperative recognition of mannans and glucans by lectin and Toll-like receptors","volume":"116","author":"Netea","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2012.04.005","article-title":"Importance of the Candida albicans cell wall during commensalism and infection","volume":"15","author":"Gow","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(05)01308-3","article-title":"Single nucleotide polymorphisms of Toll-like receptors and susceptibility to infectious disease","volume":"5","author":"Schumann","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.12578","article-title":"Single nucleotide polymorphisms of Toll-like receptors and susceptibility to infectious diseases","volume":"180","author":"Skevaki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1038\/76048","article-title":"TLR4 mutations are associated with endotoxin hyporesponsiveness in humans","volume":"25","author":"Arbour","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Senhaji, N., Diakit\u00e9, B., Serbati, N., Zaid, Y., Badre, W., and Nadifi, S. (2014). Toll-like receptor 4 Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile polymorphisms: New data and a meta-analysis. BMC Gastroenterol., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-014-0206-x"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1111\/iji.12676","article-title":"Genetic polymorphisms of TLR1, TLR2, TLR3 and TLR4 in patients with recurrent or severe infections","volume":"51","author":"Kainulainen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Immunogenet."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1002\/emmm.201201678","article-title":"Genetic susceptibility to Candida infections","volume":"5","author":"Smeekens","year":"2013","journal-title":"EMBO Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosentul, D.C., Delsing, C.E., Jaeger, M., Plantinga, T.S., Oosting, M., Costantini, I., Venselaar, H., Joosten, L.A., van der Meer, J.W., and Dupont, B. (2014). Gene polymorphisms in pattern recognition receptors and susceptibility to idiopathic recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis. Front. Microbiol., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2014.00483"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2009.06.028","article-title":"Genetic variability of innate immunity impacts human susceptibility to fungal diseases","volume":"14","author":"Carvalho","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12149","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-95772-7","article-title":"Genetic susceptibility to recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis in an African population from Nairobi, Kenya","volume":"15","author":"Ponce","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1086\/429246","article-title":"Frequency of interleukin-4 (IL-4) -589 gene polymorphism and vaginal concentrations of IL-4, nitric oxide, and mannose-binding lectin in women with recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis","volume":"40","author":"Babula","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1760","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0901053","article-title":"Human dectin-1 deficiency and mucocutaneous fungal infections","volume":"361","author":"Ferwerda","year":"2009","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.3109\/13693786.2012.690902","article-title":"Human genetic susceptibility to Candida infections","volume":"50","author":"Plantinga","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7648152","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/7648152","article-title":"Mannose-binding lectin gene polymorphism and its association with susceptibility to recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis","volume":"2018","author":"Hammad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/s13578-019-0300-4","article-title":"Impact of SNPs interplay across the locus of MBL2, between MBL and Dectin-1 gene, on women\u2019s risk of developing recurrent vulvovaginal infections","volume":"9","author":"Kalia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Biosci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bojang, E., Ghuman, H., Kumwenda, P., and Hall, R.A. (2021). Immune sensing of Candida albicans. J. Fungi, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof7020119"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1766","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0802629","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 4 polymorphisms and aspergillosis in stem-cell transplantation","volume":"359","author":"Bochud","year":"2008","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7421","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1201193109","article-title":"Structural basis of species-specific endotoxin sensing by innate immune receptor TLR4\/MD-2","volume":"19","author":"Ohto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20021787","article-title":"Collaborative induction of inflammatory responses by dectin-1 and Toll-like receptor 2","volume":"197","author":"Gantner","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3059","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.172.5.3059","article-title":"The contribution of the Toll-like\/IL-1 receptor superfamily to innate and adaptive immunity to fungal pathogens in vivo","volume":"172","author":"Bellocchio","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1358.012","article-title":"TLR1 and TLR6 polymorphisms are associated with susceptibility to invasive aspergillosis after allogeneic stem cell transplantation","volume":"1062","author":"Kesh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1586\/eri.10.93","article-title":"Cracking the Toll-like receptor code in fungal infections","volume":"8","author":"Cunha","year":"2010","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Anti-Infect. Ther."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lionakis, M.S., and Netea, M.G. (2013). Candida and host determinants of susceptibility to invasive candidiasis. PLoS Pathog., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003079"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2007.12.006","article-title":"Pathogen specific cytokine release reveals an effect of TLR2 Arg753Gln during Candida sepsis in humans","volume":"41","author":"Woehrle","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1815","article-title":"An integrated model of the recognition of Candida albicans by the innate immune system","volume":"6","author":"Netea","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2005.03.016","article-title":"Microbial compounds induce the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and human beta-defensin-2 in vaginal epithelial cells","volume":"7","author":"Pivarcsi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1007\/s11908-013-0319-3","article-title":"Genetic basis for recurrent vulvo-vaginal candidiasis","volume":"15","author":"Jaeger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Infect. Dis. Rep."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kalia, N., Singh, J., Sharma, S., Arora, H., and Kaur, M. (2017). Genetic and phenotypic screening of mannose-binding lectin in relation to risk of recurrent vulvovaginal infections in women of North India: A prospective cohort study. Front. Microbiol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00075"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1007\/s10517-020-04771-3","article-title":"Differential expression of local immune response genes in the vagina: Implication for the diagnosis of vaginal infections","volume":"168","author":"Budilovskaya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bull. Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6079","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-63261-8","article-title":"A meta-analysis of mannose-binding lectin gene polymorphisms with the risk of recurrent vulvovaginal infections","volume":"10","author":"Kalia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2024.104216","article-title":"Genome-wide association study in Estonia reveals importance of vaginal epithelium associated genes in case of recurrent vaginitis","volume":"162","author":"Mutli","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2284","article-title":"Genetic variation in Toll-like receptors and disease susceptibility","volume":"13","author":"Netea","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.2006.00450.x","article-title":"History and update on host defense against vaginal candidiasis","volume":"57","author":"Fidel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ge, G., Yang, Z., Li, D., Zhang, N., Chen, B., and Shi, D. (2022). Distinct host immune responses in recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis and vulvovaginal candidiasis. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.959740"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16645","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0704828104","article-title":"TLR4 polymorphisms, infectious diseases, and evolutionary pressure during migration of modern humans","volume":"104","author":"Ferwerda","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/14\/3\/727\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T16:41:25Z","timestamp":1774284085000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/14\/3\/727"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms14030727"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms14030727","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]]}}}