{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T14:48:16Z","timestamp":1774882096047,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774828800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Yunnan Provincial Department of Science and Technology\u2019s Science Project","award":["202305AD160011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202305AD160011"]}]},{"name":"Dali Prefecture Science Project","award":["D2022ZA0116"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D2022ZA0116"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Anthrax is a zoonotic infectious disease characterized by high lethality and transmissibility. Its spores are highly stable and can persist in the environment for long periods. Furthermore, the overuse or improper use of antibiotics may contribute to bacterial resistance, complicating anthrax treatment. Phages can efficiently target and lyse Bacillus anthracis (B. anthracis), significantly reducing pathogen contamination and transmission risks in soil, water, and other environmental media. Compared to traditional chemical disinfectants and antibiotics, phages enable precise pathogen elimination while minimizing ecological disruption. In this study, two phages infecting B. anthracis, vB_BanM-JC307 (JC307) and vB_BanS-YL5 (YL5), were isolated and characterized. Both phages belong to the class Caudoviricetes. Genome sequencing revealed that JC307 and YL5 have sequence lengths of 148,323 bp and 74,568 bp, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that JC307 is located in the same evolutionary branch as the Nachito phage of the Herelleviridae family, while YL5, although grouped with the Basilisk-like phages, forms an independent branch. As these two phages have been observed to exhibit lytic activity against all nine tested strains of B. anthracis, they could serve as auxiliary tools for pathogen diagnosis and assist in ecological management of anthrax-contaminated areas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms14040777","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T13:41:53Z","timestamp":1774878113000},"page":"777","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Isolation and Characterization of Two Bacteriophages Infecting Bacillus anthracis: Biological Properties and Genomic Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Xinyu","family":"Qin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Dali University, Dali 671000, China"},{"name":"Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Natural Epidemic Diseases Prevention and Control Technology, Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Prevention and Control, Dali 671000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zongti","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Natural Epidemic Diseases Prevention and Control Technology, Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Prevention and Control, Dali 671000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Binbin","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Natural Epidemic Diseases Prevention and Control Technology, Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Prevention and Control, Dali 671000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rongji","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Natural Epidemic Diseases Prevention and Control Technology, Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Prevention and Control, Dali 671000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haipeng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Natural Epidemic Diseases Prevention and Control Technology, Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Prevention and Control, Dali 671000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5065-7543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liyuan","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Natural Epidemic Diseases Prevention and Control Technology, Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Prevention and Control, Dali 671000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Natural Epidemic Diseases Prevention and Control Technology, Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Prevention and Control, Dali 671000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shaogui","family":"Zi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Natural Epidemic Diseases Prevention and Control Technology, Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Prevention and Control, Dali 671000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiao","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Natural Epidemic Diseases Prevention and Control Technology, Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Prevention and Control, Dali 671000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Dali University, Dali 671000, China"},{"name":"Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Natural Epidemic Diseases Prevention and Control Technology, Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Prevention and Control, Dali 671000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Dali University, Dali 671000, China"},{"name":"Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Natural Epidemic Diseases Prevention and Control Technology, Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Prevention and Control, Dali 671000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Siyu","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Dali University, Dali 671000, China"},{"name":"Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Natural Epidemic Diseases Prevention and Control Technology, Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Prevention and Control, Dali 671000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoxia","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Dali University, Dali 671000, China"},{"name":"Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Natural Epidemic Diseases Prevention and Control Technology, Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Prevention and Control, Dali 671000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhengling","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Natural Epidemic Diseases Prevention and Control Technology, Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Prevention and Control, Dali 671000, China"},{"name":"School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Youhong","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Natural Epidemic Diseases Prevention and Control Technology, Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Prevention and Control, Dali 671000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3350-1835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Natural Epidemic Diseases Prevention and Control Technology, Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Prevention and Control, Dali 671000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/S2221-1691(11)60109-3","article-title":"Anthrax: An update","volume":"1","author":"Kamal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2009.12.003","article-title":"Robert Koch and the \u2018golden age\u2019 of bacteriology","volume":"14","author":"Blevins","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2004.10.001","article-title":"Sporulation of Bacillus subtilis","volume":"7","author":"Piggot","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buyuk, F., Dyson, H., Laws, T.R., Celebi, O., Doganay, M., Sahin, M., and Baillie, L. (2024). Human Exposure to Naturally Occurring Bacillus anthracis in the Kars Region of Eastern T\u00fcrkiye. Microorganisms, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12010167"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02723777","article-title":"Anthrax","volume":"69","author":"Datta","year":"2002","journal-title":"Indian J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/pro.752","article-title":"Anthrax toxin protective antigen\u2014insights into molecular switching from prepore to pore","volume":"21","author":"Bann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Protein Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.biochem.75.103004.142728","article-title":"Anthrax toxin: Receptor binding, internalization, pore formation, and translocation","volume":"76","author":"Young","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anastassopoulou, C., Ferous, S., Petsimeri, A., Gioula, G., and Tsakris, A. (2024). Phage-Based Therapy in Combination with Antibiotics: A Promising Alternative against Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Pathogens. Pathogens, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13100896"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"510","article-title":"La phagoth\u00e9rapie, un compl\u00e9ment prometteur dans notre arsenal th\u00e9rapeutique face aux bact\u00e9ries multir\u00e9sistantes","volume":"77","author":"Boniver","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Liege"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2020.07.014","article-title":"Phage Therapy in the Resistance Era: Where Do We Stand and Where Are We Going?","volume":"42","author":"Luong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Ther."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126831","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.126831","article-title":"Problems of conventional disinfection and new sterilization methods for antibiotic resistance control","volume":"254","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-394621-8.00017-0","article-title":"Bacteriophage electron microscopy","volume":"82","author":"Ackermann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1220348","DOI":"10.1080\/21597081.2016.1220348","article-title":"Phage therapy dosing: The problem(s) with multiplicity of infection (MOI)","volume":"6","author":"Abedon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bacteriophage"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-7343-9_3","article-title":"Practical Advice on the One-Step Growth Curve","volume":"1681","author":"Kropinski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i884","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bty560","article-title":"fastp: An ultra-fast all-in-one FASTQ preprocessor","volume":"34","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Bushnell, B. (2014). BBMap: A Fast, Accurate, Splice-Aware Aligner, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7762","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkv784","article-title":"High speed BLASTN: An accelerated MegaBLAST search tool","volume":"43","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aziz, R.K., Bartels, D., Best, A.A., DeJongh, M., Disz, T., Edwards, R.A., Formsma, K., Gerdes, S., Glass, E.M., and Kubal, M. (2008). The RAST Server: Rapid annotations using subsystems technology. BMC Genom., 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-9-75"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1145\/1371579.1371581","article-title":"Mercury BLASTP: Accelerating Protein Sequence Alignment","volume":"1","author":"Jacob","year":"2008","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Reconfigurable Technol. Syst."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3022","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msab120","article-title":"MEGA11: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis Version 11","volume":"38","author":"Tamura","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btg192","article-title":"ClustalW-MPI: ClustalW analysis using distributed and parallel computing","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2003","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btr039","article-title":"Easyfig: A genome comparison visualizer","volume":"27","author":"Sullivan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2020.102466","article-title":"BioAider: An efficient tool for viral genome analysis and its application in tracing SARS-CoV-2 transmission","volume":"63","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D265","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkz991","article-title":"CDD\/SPARCLE: The conserved domain database in 2020","volume":"48","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.39289","article-title":"Contents, Construction Methods, Data Resources, and Functions Comparative Analysis of Bacteria Databases","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbi.2009.12.006","article-title":"Genome packaging in viruses","volume":"20","author":"Sun","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2632","article-title":"The DNA-packaging nanomotor of tailed bacteriophages","volume":"9","author":"Casjens","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1006\/jmbi.1999.2771","article-title":"The topological mechanism of phage lambda integrase","volume":"289","author":"Crisona","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-018-04135-3","article-title":"Genome sequence of Bacillus anthracis typing phage AP631","volume":"164","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-024-06005-7","article-title":"Identification and characterization of two Bacillus anthracis bacteriophages","volume":"169","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thompson, C.C., Chimetto, L., Edwards, R.A., Swings, J., Stackebrandt, E., and Thompson, F.L. (2013). Microbial genomic taxonomy. BMC Genom., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-14-913"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2016.09.016","article-title":"The genomic content and context of auxiliary metabolic genes in marine cyanomyoviruses","volume":"499","author":"Crummett","year":"2016","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4054","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.4054","article-title":"Coral-associated viral communities show high levels of diversity and host auxiliary functions","volume":"5","author":"Weynberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"1667","article-title":"Advances in researches on cyanophage auxiliary metabolic genes","volume":"41","author":"Gao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microbiol. China"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2113","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2012.02704.x","article-title":"Phylogenomics of T4 cyanophages: Lateral gene transfer in the \u2018core\u2019 and origins of host genes","volume":"14","author":"Sullivan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7730","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.05531-11","article-title":"Development of phoH as a novel signature gene for assessing marine phage diversity","volume":"77","author":"Goldsmith","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1038\/327073a0","article-title":"Determination of bacteriophage lambda tail length by a protein ruler","volume":"327","author":"Katsura","year":"1987","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(84)90476-8","article-title":"Length determination in bacteriophage lambda tails","volume":"39","author":"Katsura","year":"1984","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5255","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkx173","article-title":"Rad50 ATPase activity is regulated by DNA ends and requires coordination of both active sites","volume":"45","author":"Deshpande","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farlow, J., Bolkvadze, D., Leshkasheli, L., Kusradze, I., Kotorashvili, A., Kotaria, N., Balarjishvili, N., Kvachadze, L., Nikolich, M., and Kutateladze, M. (2018). Genomic characterization of three novel Basilisk-like phages infecting Bacillus anthracis. BMC Genom., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-018-5056-4"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/0076-6879(95)48009-9","article-title":"Families of aspartic peptidases, and those of unknown catalytic mechanism","volume":"248","author":"Rawlings","year":"1995","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1002\/pro.5560060301","article-title":"Subtilases: The superfamily of subtilisin-like serine proteases","volume":"6","author":"Siezen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Protein Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-013-1920-3","article-title":"Characterization and comparative genomic analysis of bacteriophages infecting members of the Bacillus cereus group","volume":"159","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/s12551-012-0081-z","article-title":"SH3 domains: Modules of protein-protein interactions","volume":"5","author":"Kurochkina","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biophys. Rev."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, L., Huang, J., Chen, S., Su, X., Zhang, X., Wang, L., Zhang, W., Wang, Z., Zeng, Q., and Wang, Q. (2024). Endogenous cell wall degrading enzyme LytD is important for the biocontrol activity of Bacillus subtilis. Front. Plant Sci., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2024.1381018"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R11","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2003-4-2-r11","article-title":"Evolutionary history, structural features and biochemical diversity of the NlpC\/P60 superfamily of enzymes","volume":"4","author":"Anantharaman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"2614","article-title":"Advances of phage receptor binding proteins","volume":"37","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin. J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-021-00602-y","article-title":"Interactions between bacterial and phage communities in natural environments","volume":"20","author":"Chevallereau","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-019-1120-1","article-title":"Host-hijacking and planktonic piracy: How phages command the microbial high seas","volume":"16","author":"Buchholz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1007\/s00239-002-2311-7","article-title":"Ribonucleotide reductases: Divergent evolution of an ancient enzyme","volume":"55","author":"Torrents","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Mol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dwivedi, B., Xue, B., Lundin, D., Edwards, R.A., and Breitbart, M. (2013). A bioinformatic analysis of ribonucleotide reductase genes in phage genomes and metagenomes. BMC Evol. Biol., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2148-13-33"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/0065-2571(70)90008-7","article-title":"Mechanisms of enzyme modulation involving deoxycytidylate deaminase and thymidylate synthetase","volume":"8","author":"Maley","year":"1970","journal-title":"Adv. Enzyme Regul."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Glukhov, A., Marchenkov, V., Dzhus, U., Krutilina, A., Selikhanov, G., and Gabdulkhakov, A. (2024). Bacteriophage T5 dUTPase: Combination of Common Enzymatic and Novel Functions. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25020892"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0085024","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.00850-24","article-title":"Viral communities in a pH > 10 serpentinite-like environment: Insight into diversity and potential roles in modulating the microbiomes by bioactive vitamin B9 synthesis","volume":"90","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e50509","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.50509","article-title":"Adaptation to mutational inactivation of an essential gene converges to an accessible suboptimal fitness peak","volume":"8","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2019","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3125607","article-title":"Insights into enzyme function from studies on mutants of dihydrofolate reductase","volume":"239","author":"Benkovic","year":"1988","journal-title":"Science"}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/14\/4\/777\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T13:52:23Z","timestamp":1774878743000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/14\/4\/777"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms14040777"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms14040777","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]]}}}