{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T17:51:14Z","timestamp":1775152274255,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Micronutrients\u2014Selko"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Growing Angus steers (n = 20) were blocked by weight and randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups: Control group (CON, n = 10) fed a feedlot ration ad libitum, or a ruminally protected hydrogenated fat-embedded calcium gluconate (HFCG) treatment group (HFCG, n = 10), which was fed the control ration top-dressed at 16 g\/head\/day for 55 days. During the slaughter process, digesta samples were collected from the cecum, colon, and rectum. Acetate concentrations were greater in the cecal and rectal digesta of steers (p \u2264 0.05) in the HFCG treatment group. Propionate concentrations were greater in the cecal, colonic, and rectal (p \u2264 0.05) digesta of steers in the HFCG treatment group. Butyrate concentrations were greater (p = 0.098) in the colon digesta of steers in the HFCG treatment group; however, they were not different in the cecal and rectal digesta. To determine the microbial composition within each section of the hindgut, DNA was extracted, and 16S rRNA gene sequencing was performed. Data were analyzed using a General Linear Model with dietary treatment as the main effect. Species richness in the cecum, colon, and rectum was not different between treatments. Erysipelotrichaceae, Peptostreptococcaceae, and Atopobiaceae abundances were increased (p \u2264 0.05) in the cecal bacterial community of steers in the HFCG group, while a significant decrease (p \u2264 0.05) in Rikenellaceae and Muribaculaceae abundances was recorded within the same bacterial community. In the colon bacterial community of steers in the HFCG group, Ruminococcaceae and Muribaculaceae abundances were elevated (p \u2264 0.05), while there was a reduction (p \u2264 0.05) in Lachnospiraceae, Erysipelotrichaceae, Atopobiaceae, and Peptostreptococcaceae abundances. Paeniclostridium, Romboutsia, and Turicibacter abundances were increased (p \u2264 0.05) in the cecal bacterial community of steers in the HFCG group, while there was a decrease (p \u2264 0.05) in Rikenellaceae_RC9 _gut_group abundance within the same bacterial community. In the colon microbiota of steers in the HFCG group, Turicibacter abundance was decreased (p \u2264 0.05). Supplementing growing steers with HFCG impacted some members of the bacterial populations, which have important roles in gut homeostasis and health, along with the formation of beneficial end-products in the gastrointestinal tract.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms14040802","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T16:51:02Z","timestamp":1775148662000},"page":"802","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluation of the Hindgut Microbiota and Volatile Fatty Acid Profile of Steers Fed Finishing Feedlot Ration Supplemented with or Without Calcium Gluconate"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6178-1942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Osman Y.","family":"Koyun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Evann E.","family":"Rowland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1479-0528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeferson M.","family":"Lourenco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kenneth E.","family":"Griswold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Micronutrients Inc., Selko, Indianapolis, IN 46231, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4877-9095","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph J.","family":"Baloyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA"},{"name":"Department of Animal Science, University of Venda, Thohyandou 0950, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6988-425X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francis L.","family":"Fluharty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T. Dean","family":"Pringle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA"},{"name":"Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Quincy, FL 32351, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexander M.","family":"Stelzleni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R. Lawton","family":"Stewart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3310-4979","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Todd R.","family":"Callaway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Hungate, R.E. (1966). The Rumen and Its Microbes, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Russell, J.B. (2002). Rumen Microbiology and Its Role in Ruminant Nutrition, Department of Microbiology, Cornell University."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mackie, R., White, B., and Isaacson, R.E. (1997). 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