{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T21:08:40Z","timestamp":1784581720407,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775088000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recently, an oral\u2013gut communication axis has been proposed. Herein, we review clinical studies reporting differences in oral microbial communities in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), with a focus on Crohn\u2019s Disease (CD), as well as evidence from experimental models. While available studies support evidence for the direct transmission of oral-derived bacteria to gut, further work is needed to clarify whether such transmission results in stable colonization of intestinal niches and the establishment of a persistent host\u2013microbe state that influences host physiology. To date, evidence from clinical and murine studies suggests three routes of the oral\u2013gut axis, which in turn directly or indirectly exacerbate intestinal inflammation and contribute to IBD pathogenesis: (i) direct invasion of pathobionts through swallowing, (ii) migration of the oral pathogen activated pro-inflammatory immune cells, (iii) systemic inflammation triggered by oral pathogens such as Porphyromonas gingivalis. Although the role of oral microbiome in systemic diseases is becoming more apparent, sophisticated clinical and experimental studies are needed to elucidate the direct and indirect oral\u2013gut communication mechanisms, including the contribution of oral microbial metabolites. Future directions may include evaluating the diagnostic and therapeutic potential of the oral microbiome and metabolome.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms14040810","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T16:51:02Z","timestamp":1775148662000},"page":"810","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Oral\u2013Gut Microbiome Axis in Crohn\u2019s Disease: A Potential Role of Ectopic Colonization"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0921-5863","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ceren","family":"Ozkul","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, 06100 Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8975-1347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emre","family":"Duman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, 06100 Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1076-1300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Engin","family":"Kocak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Gulhane Pharmacy, Health Sciences University, 06018 Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-3945-9895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yalcin Tarkan","family":"Karakan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Baskent University, 06490 Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-6221-4903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Can","family":"Cindoruk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, TOBB ETU, 06560 Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0230-7551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Odul Egritas","family":"Gurkan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, 06560 Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6534-9519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehmet","family":"Cindoruk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, 06560 Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1561-8789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tarkan","family":"Karakan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, 06560 Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"8","article-title":"Ome Sweet Omics\u2014A genealogical treasury of words","volume":"15","author":"Lederberg","year":"2001","journal-title":"Scientist"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5002","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00542-10","article-title":"The human oral microbiome","volume":"192","author":"Dewhirst","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. 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