{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T17:51:56Z","timestamp":1775152316310,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775088000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Medical Science and Technology Program of Zhejiang Province","award":["2024KY1697"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024KY1697"]}]},{"name":"Technology Bureau of Jiaxing City","award":["2023AY31028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023AY31028"]}]},{"name":"Technology Bureau of Jiaxing City","award":["2024AY30022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024AY30022"]}]},{"name":"Technology Bureau of Jiaxing City","award":["2025CGW026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025CGW026"]}]},{"name":"Disease Prevention and Control Innovation Team of Zhejiang Province","award":["2026JKP-07"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2026JKP-07"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Non-O1\/non-O139 Vibrio cholerae strains are widely distributed in aquatic environments worldwide and are increasingly recognized as potential reservoirs of antimicrobial resistance and virulence-associated determinants. In this study, we performed an integrated phenotypic and genomic analysis of 116 V. cholerae isolates collected in 2024 from environmental and clinical sources in Jiaxing, China, including 106 non-O1\/non-O139 isolates, 9 O1 isolates, and 1 O139 isolate. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed that most isolates remained susceptible to \u03b2-lactam\/\u03b2-lactamase inhibitor combinations, third-generation cephalosporins, carbapenems, and tigecycline, whereas resistance was more frequently observed for ampicillin, streptomycin, nalidixic acid, and ciprofloxacin. Based on the non-susceptibility criteria of Maitrakas et al., 19 of 116 isolates (16.4%) were classified as multidrug-resistant, whereas none met the definition of extensively drug-resistant. Genomic analysis identified diverse resistance determinants, including plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes (qnrVC variants) and quinolone resistance-determining region mutations in gyrA and parC. Virulence-associated genes showed heterogeneous distributions: core regulatory and hemolysis-related genes were highly prevalent, whereas classical cholera toxin genes were largely absent. Several accessory virulence factors, including the RTX toxin operon, chxA, ninth, and makA, were detected in subsets of isolates. Core genome multilocus sequence typing revealed substantial genetic diversity, with environmental and clinical isolates distributed across multiple lineages and showing no clear clustering by isolation source. Overall, these data demonstrate the diverse antimicrobial resistance, virulence-associated gene repertoires, and population structure of the Jiaxing V. cholerae collection, with particular relevance to the predominant non-O1\/non-O139 population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms14040813","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T16:51:02Z","timestamp":1775148662000},"page":"813","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Integrated Phenotypic and Genomic Analysis of Antimicrobial Resistance, Virulence, and Phylogeny in Vibrio cholerae Isolates from Jiaxing, China, with Emphasis on Non-O1\/Non-O139 Strains"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6797-0798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miaomiao","family":"Jia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiaxing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiaxing 314050, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiaxing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiaxing 314050, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhongwen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiaxing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiaxing 314050, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuejuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiaxing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiaxing 314050, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6976-3128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lei","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiaxing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiaxing 314050, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guoying","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiaxing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiaxing 314050, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiaxing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiaxing 314050, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70103","DOI":"10.1111\/1758-2229.70103","article-title":"Vibrio cholerae in Water Environments: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"17","author":"Ntim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. 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