{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T21:04:49Z","timestamp":1791925489940,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":315,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775088000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"German Federal Ministry of Education and Research"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04pz7b180","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Enterococcus spp. are common but not predominant commensal bacteria that inhabit the gastrointestinal tracts of humans and animals and are widely distributed in various environmental matrices and diverse food sources. Multiple strains of beneficial enterococci are increasingly utilized as protective cultures, alternatives to antibiotics, and probiotics for controlling pathogens, mitigating disease, modulating the microbiome, and supporting overall host health. They also support food fermentation and safety, enhance sensory properties, and produce bioactive compounds such as bacteriocins with strong pathogen-inhibitory activity and multifarious health benefits. Despite their advantages in health and agrifood systems, their association with healthcare-associated infections and the spread of antimicrobial resistance raises concerns about their safety. These risks underscore the need for stringent safety evaluations before their use as probiotics, alternatives to antibiotics, or protective cultures. Here, we provide a comprehensive atlas of the multifaceted probiotic and antimicrobial potential, as well as safety considerations of beneficial enterococci. This would provide a valuable resource for future research, regulatory assessments, and applications in the agrifood system and healthcare.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms14040815","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T16:51:02Z","timestamp":1775148662000},"page":"815","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Enterococcus Species: Multifaceted Probiotic Potential and Safety Considerations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ojonugwa Precious","family":"John","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Anchor University, Lagos 102213, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1925-6394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kayode Olayinka","family":"Afolabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Anchor University, Lagos 102213, Nigeria"},{"name":"Anchor University Centre for Global Health, Anchor University, Lagos 102213, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4730-2834","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anayochukwu Chibuike","family":"Ngene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Sciences, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike 440101, Abia State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6086-5821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Williams Omotola","family":"Tanimowo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Anchor University, Lagos 102213, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7489-7402","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mary Ayobami","family":"Adewoyin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Anchor University, Lagos 102213, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1177-8363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael Bamitale","family":"Osho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Anchor University, Lagos 102213, Nigeria"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, McPherson University, Seriki Sotayo 110117, Ogun State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8084-2387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rine Christopher","family":"Reuben","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Stephen F. Austin State University, SFA Station, Nacogdoches, TX 75962, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2023). Antimicrobial resistance. WHO Newsroom Fact Sheet 2023, World Health Organization. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/antimicrobial-resistance."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walsh, T.R., Gales, A.C., Laxminarayan, R., and Dodd, P.C. (2023). Antimicrobial Resistance: Addressing a Global Threat to Humanity. PLoS Med., 20.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004264"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vinayamohan, P.G., Viju, L.S., Joseph, D., and Venkitanarayanan, K. (2023). Fermented Foods as a Potential Vehicle of Antimicrobial-Resistant Bacteria and Genes. 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