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This review summarizes the disease-associated proteins of A. muciniphila reported to date, including the outer membrane proteins Amuc_1100 and Amuc_1098, as well as the secreted proteins P9 (Amuc_1631), P5, Amuc_1409, Amuc_1434, and Amuc_2109. These proteins exert their biological effects by activating multiple signaling pathways, such as Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), ICAM-2, and Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin, thereby regulating physiological processes including glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) secretion, serotonin biosynthesis, lipid metabolism, and intestinal stem cell proliferation. This review provides a theoretical foundation and future perspectives for in-depth research investigation and clinical application of A. muciniphila disease-related proteins.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms14040820","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T16:51:02Z","timestamp":1775148662000},"page":"820","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Insights into the Functions, Characteristics, and Mechanisms of Disease-Related Proteins from Akkermansia muciniphila: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Yanping","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, School of Synthetic Biology and Biomanufacturing, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8530-0317","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juane","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, School of Synthetic Biology and Biomanufacturing, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xueying","family":"Bu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, School of Synthetic Biology and Biomanufacturing, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liying","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, School of Synthetic Biology and Biomanufacturing, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changcheng","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, School of Synthetic Biology and Biomanufacturing, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8126-2074","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianjun","family":"Qiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, School of Synthetic Biology and Biomanufacturing, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China"},{"name":"Zhejiang Institute of Tianjin University (Shaoxing), Shaoxing 312300, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education (Tianjin University), Tianjin 300072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, School of Synthetic Biology and Biomanufacturing, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China"},{"name":"Zhejiang Institute of Tianjin University (Shaoxing), Shaoxing 312300, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education (Tianjin University), Tianjin 300072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1698-0771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qinggele","family":"Caiyin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, School of Synthetic Biology and Biomanufacturing, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China"},{"name":"Zhejiang Institute of Tianjin University (Shaoxing), Shaoxing 312300, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education (Tianjin University), Tianjin 300072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-7915.13410","article-title":"Akkermansia muciniphila is a promising probiotic","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microb. 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