{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T22:16:15Z","timestamp":1789683375780,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775174400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Yunnan Fundamental Research Projects","award":["202401AT070440"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202401AT070440"]}]},{"name":"the Funding for Undergraduate University-Reserve-Research (URR) Cultivation Program, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0040axw97","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["32260889"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32260889"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"the NSFC-Yunnan Joint Fund","award":["U2202201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U2202201"]}]},{"name":"the Yunnan Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology","award":["202449CE340019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202449CE340019"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: While Toxoplasma gondii infection poses a significant health threat, its impact on the localized intestinal lipid metabolism remains unclear. Methods: Thus, this study established an acute infection model in BALB\/cJ mice and analyzed the colonic contents collected 10 days post-infection via untargeted lipidomics. The lipid profiles of the two groups diverged substantially, with a clear separation evident between infection and control conditions. Results: We identified 65 upregulated and 87 downregulated differential lipids, primarily falling into the glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids categories. Pathway enrichment analysis revealed that the choline metabolism in cancer and glycerophospholipid metabolism pathways was pinpointed as being among the most perturbed following infection. Correlation and network analyses further suggested that key molecules, such as LPC (20:4) and LPA (18:0), may mediate these metabolic pathway abnormalities by regulating related enzymatic activities. Conclusions: This systematic characterization of the intestinal lipid metabolic landscape in mice during acute T. gondii infection revealed the host intestinal lipid metabolic reprogramming induced by T. gondii infection. The findings offer a novel metabolic perspective for understanding T. gondii pathogenesis and host\u2013parasite interactions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms14040824","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T04:10:27Z","timestamp":1775448627000},"page":"824","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Lipidomic Profiling of Colonic Contents in Mice with Acute Toxoplasma gondii Infection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Cai-Qin","family":"Deng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Research and Resource Center, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China"},{"name":"The Yunnan Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9961-821X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wen-Jie","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan-Lan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Research and Resource Center, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9212-3508","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi-Dan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Yunnan Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China"},{"name":"Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9613-3734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Feng-Cai","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Yunnan Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2530-4628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xing-Quan","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Yunnan Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China"},{"name":"Shanxi Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7848-0152","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Research and Resource Center, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9509","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-89031-8","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii infection in domestic and wild felids as public health concerns: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Rahimi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2019.06.003","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii secretory proteins and their role in invasion and pathogenesis","volume":"227","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.05013-11","article-title":"Epidemiology of and diagnostic strategies for toxoplasmosis","volume":"25","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gu, Y., Niu, Z., Lu, H.H., Li, S.A., and Zhou, D.H. (2025). Inhibition of GPX4 by Toxoplasma gondii promotes ferroptosis and enhances its proliferation in acute and chronic infection. Cells, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14100756"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deng, B., Vanagas, L., Alonso, A.M., and Angel, S.O. (2023). Proteomics applications in Toxoplasma gondii: Unveiling the host-parasite interactions and therapeutic target discovery. Pathogens, 13.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202311.1051.v1"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vilela, V.L.R., and Feitosa, T.F. (2024). Recent advances in Toxoplasma gondii infection and toxoplasmosis. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed9070160"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-36084-0","article-title":"Rapid metabolic reprogramming mediated by the AMP-activated protein kinase during the lytic cycle of Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ram\u00edrez-Flores, C.J., and Mondrag\u00f3n-Flores, R. (2025). Comprehensive analysis of Toxoplasma gondii migration routes and tissue dissemination in the host. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 19.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013369"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2025.123709","article-title":"Gut microbiota-derived butyrate alleviates the impairment of mice intestinal integrity caused by Toxoplasma gondii infection","volume":"374","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0094724","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.00947-24","article-title":"Multi-omics analysis reveals regime shifts in the gastrointestinal ecosystem in chickens following anticoccidial vaccination and Eimeria tenella challenge","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karpe, A.V., Hutton, M.L., Mileto, S.J., James, M.L., Evans, C., Ghodke, A.B., Shah, R.M., Metcalfe, S.S., Liu, J.W., and Walsh, T. (2023). Gut microbial perturbation and host response induce redox pathway upregulation along the Gut-Liver Axis during giardiasis in C57BL\/6J mouse model. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24021636"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nolan, S.J., Romano, J.D., and Coppens, I. (2017). Host lipid droplets: An important source of lipids salvaged by the intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii. PLoS Pathog., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006362"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-Mart\u00ednez, A.B., Lamban-Per, B.M., Lezaun, M., James, M.L., Evans, C., Ghodke, A.B., Shah, R.M., Metcalfe, S.S., Liu, J.W., and Walsh, T. (2024). Exploring functional products and early-life dynamics of gut microbiota. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16121823"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, X., Elsheikha, H.M., Hu, R., Hu, G.X., Guo, S.L., Zhou, C.X., and Zhu, X.Q. (2018). Hepatic metabolomics investigation in acute and chronic murine toxoplasmosis. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2018.00189"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1578","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-023-00880-1","article-title":"Dynamic lipidome alterations associated with human health, disease and ageing","volume":"5","author":"Hornburg","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Metab."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgg.2019.11.009","article-title":"Integration of lipidomics and metabolomics for in-depth understanding of cellular mechanism and disease progression","volume":"47","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Genet. Genom."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2025.110526","article-title":"Lipid profiling of Toxoplasma tachyzoites and the mouse host","volume":"338","author":"Shi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-025-06869-x","article-title":"Catechin gallate triggers metabolomic and lipidomic alteration in Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"18","author":"Greggs","year":"2025","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2282-6","article-title":"Profiling of the perturbed metabolomic state of mouse spleen during acute and chronic toxoplasmosis","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors R."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, J., He, J., Hou, J., Zhou, C.X., Elsheikha, H.M., and Zhu, X.Q. (2020). Ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry-based metabolomics reveals metabolic alterations in the mouse cerebellum during Toxoplasma gondii infection. Front. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.01555"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-025-06890-0","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii-induced host\u2019s high secretion of 25-hydroxycholesterol for immunoprotection","volume":"18","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlr.2024.100684","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii sustains survival by regulating cholesterol biosynthesis and uptake via SREBP2 activation","volume":"65","author":"Fan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plipres.2025.101340","article-title":"Phospholipids and their metabolites as diagnostic biomarkers of human diseases","volume":"99","author":"Kang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Prog. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2022.111224","article-title":"Ceramide biosynthesis is critical for establishment of the intracellular niche of Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"40","author":"Nyonda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-024-06213-9","article-title":"Lipid metabolism: The potential targets for toxoplasmosis treatment","volume":"17","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-023-06030-6","article-title":"Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses reveal the essential nature of Rab1B in Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"16","author":"He","year":"2023","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuan, D., Qin, H., and Yu, Z. (2025). Integration of hepatic lipidomics and transcriptomics reveals dysregulation of lipid metabolism in a golden hamster model of visceral leishmaniasis. Front. Immunol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1595702"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadr6326","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adr6326","article-title":"Mitochondria protect against an intracellular pathogen by restricting access to folate","volume":"389","author":"Medeiros","year":"2025","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-025-05706-9","article-title":"Obesity promotes ARDS by modulating ceramide transfer protein-ceramide pathway and exacerbating oxidative stress\/apoptosis in alveolar macrophages","volume":"82","author":"Ao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci. CMLS"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rohrhofer, J., Zwirzitz, B., Selberherr, E., and Untersmayr, E. (2021). The impact of dietary sphingolipids on intestinal microbiota and gastrointestinal immune homeostasis. Front. Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.635704"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687835","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/687835","article-title":"Disruption of lipid rafts interferes with the interaction of Toxoplasma gondii with macrophages and epithelial cells","volume":"2014","author":"Cruz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114733","article-title":"Integration of transcriptomics, metabolomics, and lipidomics reveals the mechanisms of doxorubicin-induced inflammatory responses and myocardial dysfunction in mice","volume":"162","author":"Tan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sullivan, J.P., and Jones, M.K. (2024). The multifaceted impact of bioactive lipids on gut health and disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252413638"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.4062\/biomolther.2021.107","article-title":"Bioactive lipids and their derivatives in Bbiomedical applications","volume":"29","author":"Park","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2382336","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2024.2382336","article-title":"Gut microbiota-derived fatty acid and sterol metabolites: Biotransformation and immunomodulatory functions","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"dmm034801","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.034801","article-title":"Idebenone and coenzyme Q(10) are novel PPAR\u03b1\/\u03b3 ligands, with potential for treatment of fatty liver diseases","volume":"11","author":"Tiefenbach","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dis. Model. Mech."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00418","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00441-18","article-title":"Host- and helminth-derived endocannabinoids that have effects on host immunity are generated during infection","volume":"86","author":"Batugedara","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4371","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.2c08134","article-title":"Epoxy triglyceride enhances intestinal permeability via Caspase-1\/NLRP3\/GSDMD and cGAS-STING pathways in dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis mice","volume":"71","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11600","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA118.003180","article-title":"Choline transport links macrophage phospholipid metabolism and inflammation","volume":"293","author":"Snider","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-022-05291-w","article-title":"DHRS2 inhibits cell growth and metastasis in ovarian cancer by downregulation of CHK\u03b1 to disrupt choline metabolism","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33189","DOI":"10.1038\/srep33189","article-title":"Plasmodium falciparum choline kinase inhibition leads to a major decrease in phosphatidylethanolamine causing parasite death","volume":"6","author":"Denton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Deng, C., Sui, M., Wei, P., Duan, B., Li, Z., and Zou, F. (2025). Acute Toxoplasma gondii Infection Drives Gut Microbiome Dysbiosis and Functional Disruption in Mice as Revealed by Metagenomic Sequencing. Microorganisms, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13092056"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lima, I.S., P\u00eago, A.C., Martins, A.C., Prada, A.R., Barros, J.T., Martins, G., and Gozzelino, R. (2023). Gut Dysbiosis: A Target for Protective Interventions against Parkinson\u2019s Disease. Microorganisms, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11040880"}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/14\/4\/824\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T04:23:02Z","timestamp":1775535782000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/14\/4\/824"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms14040824"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms14040824","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]]}}}