{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T18:23:28Z","timestamp":1782411808709,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775865600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union\u2019s EU4Health programme","award":["101140460"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101140460"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Poliovirus wastewater surveillance (WWS) is an important complementary system to acute flaccid paralysis surveillance and a substitute surveillance for enteroviruses in stool samples of children, within global poliovirus eradication efforts. However, current guidelines provide limited data on sampling schemes for polio-free countries. This study aims to provide a summary of sampling schemes used for poliovirus WWS in studies done in countries of European Union (EU), together with an analysis of their objectives and a comparison with studies done in other countries. The study selection for this literature review was based on three sources: a World Health Organisation literature review, the PubMed database, and a systematic literature review of WWS of communicable disease agents. From 1446 studies, 72 studies published between 1 January 1995 and 5 September 2024 were included in the qualitative analysis. These studies were analysed by country of origin, objective, sampling site, catchment population size, sampling frequency, sampling method and sample volume. The results indicate that most studies from EU countries had conducted poliovirus WWS directly in line with World Health Organisation recommendations, despite these being primarily designed for developing countries. Our review may encourage countries to optimise their poliovirus WWS systems based on their own risks for poliovirus introduction and circulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms14040861","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T11:38:26Z","timestamp":1776080306000},"page":"861","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Sampling Schemes in Poliovirus Wastewater Surveillance Studies from European Countries and Their Comparison to Other Studies: A Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Jan","family":"Ro\u017eanec","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Public Health, Trubarjeva ulica 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veronika","family":"U\u010dakar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Public Health, Trubarjeva ulica 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6819-2406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrej","family":"Steyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Laboratory for Health, Environment and Food, Prvomajska ulica 1, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1382-6648","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosa M.","family":"Pint\u00f3 Sol\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Avinguda Diagonal 643, ES-08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-3639-9817","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"An","family":"Gali\u010di\u010d","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Public Health, Trubarjeva ulica 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2011). Tracking Progress toward Global Polio Eradication-Worldwide, 2009\u20132010. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep., 60, 441\u2013445."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"World Health Organisation (2025, November 10). Guidelines for Environmental Surveillance of Poliovirus Circulation. Available online: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/67854."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"World Health Organisation (2025, November 12). Global Polio Surveillance Action Plan 2022\u20132024. Available online: https:\/\/iris.who.int\/handle\/10665\/354479."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"World Health Organisation (2004). Polio Laboratory Manual, [4th ed.]. Available online: https:\/\/iris.who.int\/handle\/10665\/68762."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S294","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu384","article-title":"Environmental Surveillance for Polioviruses in the Global Polio Eradication Initiative","volume":"210","author":"Asghar","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20586","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES2013.18.38.20586","article-title":"Insidious Reintroduction of Wild Poliovirus into Israel, 2013","volume":"18","author":"Anis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Euro Surveill."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20708","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES2014.19.7.20708","article-title":"Intensified Environmental Surveillance Supporting the Response to Wild Poliovirus Type 1 Silent Circulation in Israel, 2013","volume":"19","author":"Manor","year":"2014","journal-title":"Euro Surveill."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"World Health Organisation (2025, November 12). Guidelines on Environmental Surveillance for Detection of Polioviruses. Available online: https:\/\/polioeradication.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/07\/GPLN_GuidelinesES_April2015.pdf."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"World Health Organisation (2025, December 15). Field Guidance for the Implementation of Environmental Surveillance for Poliovirus. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/b\/58136."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ckaf259","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckaf259","article-title":"Towards the Institutionalization of Wastewater Surveillance for Public Health: Results from the EU-WISH Mapping Survey","volume":"36","author":"Leino","year":"2026","journal-title":"Eur. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1007\/s12560-017-9314-4","article-title":"Insights from a Systematic Search for Information on Designs, Costs, and Effectiveness of Poliovirus Environmental Surveillance Systems","volume":"9","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Environ. Virol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S90","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy638","article-title":"A Review of the Most Commonly Used Methods for Sample Collection in Environmental Surveillance of Poliovirus","volume":"67","author":"Matrajt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"World Health Organisation (2025, December 15). Standard Operating Procedures for Polio Environmental Surveillance Enhancement Following Investigation of a Poliovirus Event or Outbreak, Version 3.1. Available online: https:\/\/polioeradication.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/SOPs-for-Polio-ES-enhancement-following-outbreak-20210208.pdf."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"World Health Organisation (2025, December 16). Standard Operating Procedures: Responding to a Poliovirus Event or Outbreak, Version 4. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240049154."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"World Health Organisation (2025, December 22). Polio Environmental Surveillance Expansion Plan: Global Expansion Plan Under the Endgame Strategy 2013\u20132018. Available online: https:\/\/polioeradication.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/07\/GPLN_ExpansionPlanES.pdf."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwac175","article-title":"Wastewater Surveillance for Infectious Disease: A Systematic Review","volume":"192","author":"Kilaru","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6697","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00535-07","article-title":"Retrospective Characterization of a Vaccine-Derived Poliovirus Type 1 Isolate from Sewage in Greece","volume":"73","author":"Dedepsidis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-007-0306-4","article-title":"Surveillance of Enteroviruses in France, 2000\u20132004","volume":"26","author":"Antona","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2008.425","article-title":"2005 Poliovirus Eradication: Poliovirus Presence in Cyprus 2 Years After","volume":"58","author":"Richter","year":"2008","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"40","article-title":"Detection of Enteroviruses from Urban Sewage in Parma","volume":"81","author":"Cesari","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Biomed."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4491","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00108-14","article-title":"Sporadic Isolation of Sabin-like Polioviruses and High-Level Detection of Non-Polio Enteroviruses during Sewage Surveillance in Seven Italian Cities, after Several Years of Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccination","volume":"80","author":"Battistone","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.5604\/01.3001.0011.6147","article-title":"Isolation of Sabin-like Polioviruses from Sewage in Poland","volume":"67","author":"Figas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pol. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1007\/s12560-019-09401-4","article-title":"Molecular Characterization and Phylogenetic Analysis of Enteroviruses and Hepatitis A Viruses in Sewage Samples, Northern Italy, 2016","volume":"11","author":"Pellegrinelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Environ. Virol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1007\/s12560-018-9350-8","article-title":"Poliovirus and Other Enteroviruses from Environmental Surveillance in Italy, 2009\u20132015","volume":"10","author":"Delogu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Environ. Virol."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"95","article-title":"Poliovirus and Non-Polio-Enterovirus Environmental Surveillance in Parma within the \u201cGlobal Polio Eradication Program\u201d (GPEI)","volume":"90","author":"Zoni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Biomed."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02872-16","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02872-16","article-title":"Laboratory Surveillance of Polio and Other Enteroviruses in High-Risk Populations and Environmental Samples","volume":"83","author":"Pogka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19566","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.15.19.19566-en","article-title":"Highly Divergent Neurovirulent Vaccine-Derived Polioviruses of All Three Serotypes Are Recurrently Detected in Finnish Sewage","volume":"15","author":"Roivainen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Euro Surveill."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4876","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.9.4876-4883.2004","article-title":"Characterization of a Highly Evolved Vaccine-Derived Poliovirus Type 3 Isolated from Sewage in Estonia","volume":"78","author":"Blomqvist","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00558-17","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00558-17","article-title":"Polio and Measles Down the Drain: Environmental Enterovirus Surveillance in the Netherlands, 2005 to 2015","volume":"83","author":"Benschop","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3800","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.07972-11","article-title":"Feasibility of Quantitative Environmental Surveillance in Poliovirus Eradication Strategies","volume":"78","author":"Lodder","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.12321","article-title":"Detection and Distribution of Culturable Human Enteroviruses through Environmental Surveillance in Milan, Italy","volume":"115","author":"Pellegrinelli","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100674","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2022.27.24.2100674","article-title":"Investigation of Airport Sewage to Detect Importation of Poliovirus, Poland, 2017 to 2020","volume":"27","author":"Krzysztoszek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Euro Surveill."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hovi, T., Paananen, A., Blomqvist, S., Savolainen-Kopra, C., Al-Hello, H., Smura, T., Shimizu, H., Nadova, K., Sobotova, Z., and Gavrilin, E. (2013). Characteristics of an Environmentally Monitored Prolonged Type 2 Vaccine Derived Poliovirus Shedding Episode That Stopped without Intervention. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0066849"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2300049","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2023.28.5.2300049","article-title":"Wild Poliovirus Type 3 (WPV3)-Shedding Event Following Detection in Environmental Surveillance of Poliovirus Essential Facilities, the Netherlands, November 2022 to January 2023","volume":"28","author":"Duizer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Euro Surveill."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-005-1331-9","article-title":"Isolation of Vaccine-Derived Polioviruses in the Slovak Republic","volume":"24","author":"Roivainen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Ro\u017eanec, J., Kranjec, N., U\u010dakar, V., \u0160ubelj, V., Berginc, N., Steyer, A., and Gali\u010di\u010d, A. (2026). Results of epidemiological wastewater surveillance of polioviruses in Slovenia. Javno Zdr., 1."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01804-9","article-title":"Sustained Detection of Type 2 Poliovirus in London Sewage between February and July, 2022, by Enhanced Environmental Surveillance","volume":"400","author":"Klapsa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ivanova, O.E., Yarmolskaya, M.S., Eremeeva, T.P., Babkina, G.M., Baykova, O.Y., Akhmadishina, L.V., Krasota, A.Y., Kozlovskaya, L.I., and Lukashev, A.N. (2019). Environmental Surveillance for Poliovirus and Other Enteroviruses: Long-Term Experience in Moscow, Russian Federation, 2004\u22122017. Viruses, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/v11050424"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwg202","article-title":"Prolonged Detection of Indigenous Wild Polioviruses in Sewage from Communities in Egypt","volume":"158","author":"Barakat","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1670","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.6.1670-1675.1999","article-title":"Detection of Poliovirus Circulation by Environmental Surveillance in the Absence of Clinical Cases in Israel and the Palestinian Authority","volume":"37","author":"Manor","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5954","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02537-06","article-title":"Advanced Environmental Surveillance and Molecular Analyses Indicate Separate Importations Rather than Endemic Circulation of Wild Type 1 Poliovirus in Gaza District in 2002","volume":"73","author":"Manor","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaaf6786","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaf6786","article-title":"Estimation of Polio Infection Prevalence from Environmental Surveillance Data","volume":"9","author":"Berchenko","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cowger, T.L., Burns, C.C., Sharif, S., Gary, H.E., Iber, J., Henderson, E., Malik, F., Zahoor Zaidi, S.S., Shaukat, S., and Rehman, L. (2017). The Role of Supplementary Environmental Surveillance to Complement Acute Flaccid Paralysis Surveillance for Wild Poliovirus in Pakistan\u20142011\u20132013. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0180608"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-018-1075-7","article-title":"Assessment of Enteroviruses from Sewage Water and Clinical Samples during Eradication Phase of Polio in North India","volume":"15","author":"Tiwari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S315","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu183","article-title":"Detection of Vaccine-Derived Polioviruses in Mexico Using Environmental Surveillance","volume":"210","author":"Richardson","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.03575-14","article-title":"Environmental Surveillance of Poliovirus in Sewage Water around the Introduction Period for Inactivated Polio Vaccine in Japan","volume":"81","author":"Nakamura","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S347","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu060","article-title":"Switch from Oral to Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine in Yogyakarta Province, Indonesia: Summary of Coverage, Immunity, and Environmental Surveillance","volume":"210","author":"Wahjuhono","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s12560-015-9221-5","article-title":"Environmental Surveillance of Polioviruses in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in Support to the Activities of Global Polio Eradication Initiative","volume":"8","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Environ. Virol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez, M.M., Fonseca, M.C., Rodr\u00edguez, C.A., Giraldo, A.M., Vila, J.J., Casta\u00f1o, J.C., Padilla, L., and Sarmiento, L. (2019). Environmental Surveillance of Polioviruses in Armenia, Colombia before Trivalent Oral Polio Vaccine Cessation. Viruses, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/v11090775"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.19-0469","article-title":"Haiti Poliovirus Environmental Surveillance","volume":"101","author":"Alleman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.21230","article-title":"Interrupting Wild Poliovirus Transmission Using Oral Poliovirus Vaccine: Environmental Surveillance in High-Risks Area of India","volume":"80","author":"Chowdhary","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S131","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv767","article-title":"Contribution of Environmental Surveillance Toward Interruption of Poliovirus Transmission in Nigeria, 2012\u20132015","volume":"213","author":"Hamisu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shulman, L.M., Manor, Y., Sofer, D., Handsher, R., Swartz, T., Delpeyroux, F., and Mendelson, E. (2006). Neurovirulent Vaccine-Derived Polioviruses in Sewage from Highly Immune Populations. PLoS ONE, 1.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0000069"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1139\/w06-026","article-title":"Poliovirus Vaccine Strains in Sewage and River Water in South Africa","volume":"52","author":"Pavlov","year":"2006","journal-title":"Can. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2010.02.014","article-title":"Isolation of a Recombinant Type 3\/Type 2 Poliovirus with a Chimeric Capsid VP1 from Sewage in Shandong, China","volume":"150","author":"Tao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01604-19","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01604-19","article-title":"Environmental Surveillance Can Dynamically Track Ecological Changes in Enteroviruses","volume":"85","author":"Ozawa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00702-20","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00702-20","article-title":"Environmental Surveillance Complements Case-Based Surveillance of Acute Flaccid Paralysis in Polio Endgame Strategy 2019\u20132023","volume":"86","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-023-05759-w","article-title":"Environmental Surveillance Detects Circulating Vaccine-Derived Poliovirus Type 2 that was Undetected by Acute Flaccid Paralysis Surveillance in 2021 in Uganda","volume":"168","author":"Tushabe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rojas-Bonilla, M., Coulliette-Salmond, A., Belgasmi, H., Wong, K., Sayyad, L., Vega, E., Grimoldi, F., Oberste, M.S., and R\u00fcttimann, R. (2021). Environmental Surveillance for Risk Assessment in the Context of a Phase 2 Clinical Trial of Type 2 Novel Oral Polio Vaccine in Panama. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13071355"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tao, Z., Zhang, Y., Liu, Y., Xu, A., Lin, X., Yoshida, H., Xiong, P., Zhu, S., Wang, S., and Yan, D. (2013). Isolation and Characterization of a Type 2 Vaccine-Derived Poliovirus from Environmental Surveillance in China, 2012. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0083975"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shabana, M.R., Zaghloul, A.Y., El Shaarawy, T.H., Elleboudy, N.S., and Aboshanab, K.M. (2024). Monitoring the VDPV2 Outbreak in Egypt during 2020-2021 Highlights the Crucial Role of Environmental Surveillance and Boosting Immunization in Combating Poliovirus. BMC Infect. Dis., 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-024-09731-0"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0185322","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.01853-22","article-title":"Monitoring Enteroviruses and SARS-CoV-2 in Wastewater Using the Polio Environmental Surveillance System in Japan","volume":"89","author":"Kitakawa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2027","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2810.220847","article-title":"Importation and Circulation of Vaccine-Derived Poliovirus Serotype 2, Senegal, 2020\u20132021","volume":"28","author":"Faye","year":"2022","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bero, D.M., Nhassengo, S.A., Sousa, I.P., de Sousa, S.O., Machado, R.S., Dias, A.M.N., de Sousa Ferreira, C., Burlandy, F.M., de Deus, N., and da Silva, E.E. (2022). Environmental Monitoring for Enteroviruses in Maputo, Mozambique-2018. Pathogens, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11050527"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2200694","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2022.27.37.2200694","article-title":"Emergence of Genetically Linked Vaccine-Originated Poliovirus Type 2 in the Absence of Oral Polio Vaccine, Jerusalem, April to July 2022","volume":"27","author":"Zuckerman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Euro Surveill."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2005.05.027","article-title":"Prevalence of Vaccine-Derived Polioviruses in Sewage and River Water in South Africa","volume":"39","author":"Pavlov","year":"2005","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Reilly, K.M., Verity, R., Durry, E., Asghar, H., Sharif, S., Zaidi, S.Z., Wadood, M.Z.M., Diop, O.M., Okayasu, H., and Safdar, R.M. (2018). Population Sensitivity of Acute Flaccid Paralysis and Environmental Surveillance for Serotype 1 Poliovirus in Pakistan: An Observational Study. BMC Infect. Dis., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-018-3070-4"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1007\/s12560-019-09399-9","article-title":"Field Performance of Two Methods for Detection of Poliovirus in Wastewater Samples, Mexico 2016\u20132017","volume":"11","author":"Bahena","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Environ. Virol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, N.A., Fagnant-Sperati, C.S., Shirai, J.H., Sharif, S., Zaidi, S.Z., Rehman, L., Hussain, J., Agha, R., Shaukat, S., and Alam, M. (2018). Evaluation of the Bag-Mediated Filtration System as a Novel Tool for Poliovirus Environmental Surveillance: Results from a Comparative Field Study in Pakistan. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0200551"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Njile, D.K., Sadeuh-Mba, S.A., Endegue-Zanga, M.-C., Mengouo, M.N., Djoumetio, M.D., Pouth, F.B.B., Diop, O.M., and Njouom, R. (2019). Detection and Characterization of Polioviruses Originating from Urban Sewage in Yaounde and Douala, Cameroon 2016\u20132017. BMC Res. Notes, 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-019-4280-6"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2919","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.69.5.2919-2927.2003","article-title":"Environmental Surveillance System to Track Wild Poliovirus Transmission","volume":"69","author":"Deshpande","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1086\/382545","article-title":"Isolation and Characterization of Circulating Type 1 Vaccine-Derived Poliovirus from Sewage and Stream Waters in Hispaniola","volume":"189","author":"Gregoricus","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alleman, M.M., Coulliette-Salmond, A.D., Wilnique, P., Belgasmi-Wright, H., Sayyad, L., Wong, K., Gue, E., Barrais, R., Rey-Benito, G., and Burns, C.C. (2021). Environmental Surveillance for Polioviruses in Ha\u00efti (2017\u20132019): The Dynamic Process for the Establishment and Monitoring of Sampling Sites. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13030505"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baguune, B., Laryea, E.B., Frimpong, J.A., Dapaa, S., Achempem, K.K., Kenu, E., and Laryea, D.O. (2024). Evaluation of the Environmental Polio Surveillance System-Northern Region, Ghana, 2021. PLoS ONE, 19.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0294305"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02868-3","article-title":"Characterisation of Vaccine-Derived Polioviruses Isolated from Sewage and River Water in Japan","volume":"356","author":"Yoshida","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"973","article-title":"Assessment of Cell Culture and Polymerase Chain Reaction Procedures for the Detection of Polioviruses in Wastewater","volume":"77","author":"Grabow","year":"1999","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S98","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy639","article-title":"Validation of a High-Throughput, Multiplex, Real-Time Qualitative Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay for the Detection of Sabin Oral Polio Vaccine in Environmental Samples","volume":"67","author":"Altamirano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa175","article-title":"Characterizing Environmental Surveillance Sites in Nigeria and Their Sensitivity to Detect Poliovirus and Other Enteroviruses","volume":"225","author":"Hamisu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"1524","article-title":"Response to Vaccine-Derived Polioviruses Detected through Environmental Surveillance, Guatemala, 2019","volume":"29","author":"Cajas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2117","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2020.1852009","article-title":"Detection of Vaccine-Derived Poliovirus Circulation by Environmental Surveillance in the Absence of Clinical Cases","volume":"17","author":"Odoom","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccines Immunother."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Belgasmi, H., Miles, S.J., Sayyad, L., Wong, K., Harrington, C., Gerloff, N., Coulliette-Salmond, A.D., Guntapong, R., Tacharoenmuang, R., and Ayutthaya, A.I.N. (2022). CaF\u00c9: A Sensitive, Low-Cost Filtration Method for Detecting Polioviruses and Other Enteroviruses in Residual Waters. Front. Environ. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fenvs.2022.914387"},{"key":"ref_82","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention Control (2026, January 12). Rapid Risk Assessment\u2014Assessing the Risk to Public Health of Multiple Detections of Poliovirus in Wastewater in the EU\/EEA. Available online: https:\/\/www.ecdc.europa.eu\/en\/publications-data\/multiple-detections-poliovirus-wastewater-eueea."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2014.19.243.3538","article-title":"Environmental Surveillance of Poliovirus and Non-Polio Enterovirus in Urban Sewage in Dakar, Senegal (2007\u20132013)","volume":"19","author":"Ndiaye","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pan Afr. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1007\/s13337-017-0409-1","article-title":"Environmental Surveillance of Polioviruses with Special Reference to L20B Cell Line","volume":"28","author":"Kaundal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Virusdisease"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.14807","article-title":"Validation of the Bag-Mediated Filtration System for Environmental Surveillance of Poliovirus in Nairobi, Kenya","volume":"130","author":"Ren","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyg185","article-title":"Poliovirus Detection in Wastewater and Stools Following an Immunization Campaign in Havana, Cuba","volume":"32","author":"Lago","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5406","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00491-12","article-title":"Detection of Imported Wild Polioviruses and of Vaccine-Derived Polioviruses by Environmental Surveillance in Egypt","volume":"78","author":"Blomqvist","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofab535","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofab535","article-title":"Circulation of Type 2 Vaccine-Derived Poliovirus in China in 2018\u20132019","volume":"8","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/14\/4\/861\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T12:05:04Z","timestamp":1776081904000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/14\/4\/861"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms14040861"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms14040861","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]]}}}