{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T12:55:26Z","timestamp":1776084926608,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776038400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Medical Key Discipline Construction Fund of Bao\u2019an District, Shenzhen City"},{"name":"the Basic Research Program of Shenzhen Science and Technology Plan","award":["JCYJ20220531093409021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCYJ20220531093409021"]}]},{"name":"the Bao\u2019an District Science and Technology Innovation Bureau of Shenzhen","award":["2024JD238"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024JD238"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Campylobacter jejuni is a major zoonotic pathogen that circulates among birds, livestock, humans, and environmental reservoirs, yet the genomic mechanisms that enable persistence and transmission across divergent hosts remain incompletely understood. Here, we sequenced 61 C. jejuni isolates recovered from multiple host-associated sources in Shenzhen, China, from 2016 to 2023, and analyzed them together with 312 dereplicated publicly available high-quality reference genomes. Phylogenomic analyses resolved three major clades, including one avian-restricted clade and two clades showing frequent cross-host occurrence. Human-associated isolates displayed lower coding density than mammal-associated isolates and significantly higher proteome-level carbon and nitrogen demands than avian-associated isolates. Comparative genomic analyses further revealed strong host-associated divergence in chromosome-encoded, plasmid-encoded, and horizontally acquired gene repertoires. In human-derived isolates, 11 dataset-specific human-unique KEGG genes and 48 human-unique virulence-associated genes were identified, and human-associated strains showed the strongest multidrug-resistance signal across both chromosome-encoded and mobile-gene compartments. Resistance-associated functions enriched in human-associated genomes included antibiotic inactivation, efflux-mediated resistance, target protection\/replacement\/alteration, reduced permeability, and nutrient-acquisition-associated resistance. By contrast, core host-interaction loci remained under strong purifying selection, indicating that major human-associated traits were linked more closely to mobile gene acquisition than to extensive mutation-driven diversification. Together, these findings support a proposed genome-partition framework of host adaptation in C. jejuni, in which relatively stable chromosomal backgrounds are complemented by rapid plasmid- and horizontal-transfer-mediated acquisition of high-impact accessory genes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms14040874","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T11:38:26Z","timestamp":1776080306000},"page":"874","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cross-Host Adaptation of Campylobacter jejuni Is Shaped by Chromosomal Backgrounds and Mobile Gene Acquisition, with Human-Associated Traits Emerging Under Limited Mutational Diversification"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4971-4165","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yingdong","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiological Laboratory, Baoan District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhifeng","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiological Laboratory, Baoan District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Chi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiological Laboratory, Baoan District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yinqiu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiological Laboratory, Baoan District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Minjie","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiological Laboratory, Baoan District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qianru","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiological Laboratory, Baoan District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiological Laboratory, Baoan District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qingliang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiological Laboratory, Baoan District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00006-15","article-title":"Global epidemiology of Campylobacter infection","volume":"28","author":"Kaakoush","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800696","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2019.24.43.1800696","article-title":"A systematic review of source attribution of human Campylobacteriosis using multilocus sequence typing","volume":"24","author":"Cody","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8098","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-44454-2","article-title":"Source attribution of Campylobacter jejuni shows variable importance of chicken and ruminants reservoirs in non-invasive and invasive French clinical isolates","volume":"9","author":"Berthenet","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5911","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.68.12.5911-5917.2002","article-title":"Prevalence of Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter lari, and Campylobacter coli in different ecological guilds and taxa of migrating birds","volume":"68","author":"Broman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2015.11.019","article-title":"Campylobacteriosis: The role of poultry meat","volume":"22","author":"Skarp","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2621","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-024-10360-w","article-title":"First study in the frequency of isolation and phenotypic antimicrobial resistance profiles of pig and cattle origin Campylobacter strains in Romania","volume":"48","author":"Popa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vet. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Popa, S.A., Herman, V., Sallam, K.I., T\u00eerziu, E., Andor, C., Morar, A., Imre, M., Ban-Cucerzan, A., P\u0103tr\u00eenjan, R.-T., and Pocinoc, A. (2025). Genotypic and Phenotypic Characterization of Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence in Campylobacter spp. Isolated from Turkeys: Uncovering a Neglected Reservoir in the One Health Context. Antibiotics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14090935"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1080\/08905430701536565","article-title":"Campylobacter jejuni: A review of its characteristics, pathogenicity, ecology, distribution, subspecies characterization and molecular methods of detection","volume":"21","author":"Levin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Food Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2200","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-10191-3","article-title":"Host diet and evolutionary history explain different aspects of gut microbiome diversity among vertebrate clades","volume":"10","author":"Youngblut","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00007-19","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00007-19","article-title":"Gut microbiota and colonization resistance against bacterial enteric infection","volume":"83","author":"Ducarmon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4642","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00281-15","article-title":"The intestinal microbiota influences Campylobacter jejuni colonization and extraintestinal dissemination in mice","volume":"81","author":"Samuelson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thibodeau, A., Fravalo, P., Yergeau, \u00c9., Arsenault, J., Lahaye, L., and Letellier, A. (2015). Chicken caecal microbiome modifications induced by Campylobacter jejuni colonization and by a non-antibiotic feed additive. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0131978"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patuzzi, I., Orsini, M., Cibin, V., Petrin, S., Mastrorilli, E., Tiengo, A., Gobbo, F., Catania, S., Barco, L., and Ricci, A. (2021). The interplay between Campylobacter and the caecal microbial community of commercial broiler chickens over time. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9020221"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5139","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-05227-x","article-title":"A combined case-control and molecular source attribution study of human Campylobacter infections in Germany, 2011\u20132014","volume":"7","author":"Rosner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.11.167","article-title":"Source attributed case-control study of Campylobacteriosis in New Zealand","volume":"103","author":"Lake","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s13099-016-0100-x","article-title":"Genotyping and antibiotic resistance of thermophilic Campylobacter isolated from chicken and pig meat in Vietnam","volume":"8","author":"Nguyen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gut Pathog."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3535","article-title":"Microbiota-mediated colonization resistance against intestinal pathogens","volume":"13","author":"Buffie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.13628","article-title":"Genome-wide association of functional traits linked with Campylobacter jejuni survival from farm to fork","volume":"19","author":"Yahara","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10358","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-89683-6","article-title":"Genome-wide insights into population structure and host specificity of Campylobacter jejuni","volume":"11","author":"Epping","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e03085-16","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.03085-16","article-title":"Genome-wide identification of host-segregating epidemiological markers for source attribution in Campylobacter jejuni","volume":"83","author":"Rivoal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11018","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1917168117","article-title":"Agricultural intensification and the evolution of host specialism in the enteric pathogen Campylobacter jejuni","volume":"117","author":"Mourkas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"(2015). National Food Safety Standard: Food Microbiological Examination\u2014Examination of Campylobacter jejuni (Standard No. GB 4789.9-2014)."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2004.11.005","article-title":"PCR identification of Campylobacter coli and Campylobacter jejuni by partial sequencing of virulence genes","volume":"19","author":"Nayak","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Probes"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymeth.2016.02.020","article-title":"MEGAHIT v1. 0: A fast and scalable metagenome assembler driven by advanced methodologies and community practices","volume":"102","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.186072.114","article-title":"CheckM: Assessing the quality of microbial genomes recovered from isolates, single cells, and metagenomes","volume":"25","author":"Parks","year":"2015","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btz848","article-title":"GTDB-Tk: A toolkit to classify genomes with the Genome Taxonomy Database","volume":"36","author":"Chaumeil","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2864","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2017.126","article-title":"dRep: A tool for fast and accurate genomic comparisons that enables improved genome recovery from metagenomes through de-replication","volume":"11","author":"Olm","year":"2017","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-024-01881-w","article-title":"Profiling lateral gene transfer events in the human microbiome using WAAFLE","volume":"10","author":"Hsu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, Q., Kosoy, M., and Dittmar, K. (2014). HGTector: An automated method facilitating genome-wide discovery of putative horizontal gene transfers. BMC Genom., 15.","DOI":"10.1101\/003731"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e83","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkad578","article-title":"PLASMe: A tool to identify PLASMid contigs from short-read assemblies using transformer","volume":"51","author":"Tang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hyatt, D., Chen, G.-L., LoCascio, P.F., Land, M.L., Larimer, F.W., and Hauser, L.J. (2010). Prodigal: Prokaryotic gene recognition and translation initiation site identification. BMC Bioinform., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-11-119"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/28.1.27","article-title":"KEGG: Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes","volume":"28","author":"Kanehisa","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D320","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkw1068","article-title":"TransportDB 2.0: A database for exploring membrane transporters in sequenced genomes from all domains of life","volume":"45","author":"Elbourne","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3176","article-title":"Fast and sensitive protein alignment using DIAMOND","volume":"12","author":"Buchfink","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-017-0012-7","article-title":"Recovery of nearly 8,000 metagenome-assembled genomes substantially expands the tree of life","volume":"2","author":"Parks","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gpb.2021.12.002","article-title":"KaKs_Calculator 3.0: Calculating selective pressure on coding and non-coding sequences","volume":"20","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Genom. Proteom. Bioinform."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-024-01912-y","article-title":"Thaumarchaeota from deep-sea methane seeps provide novel insights into their evolutionary history and ecological implications","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268811002676","article-title":"Source attribution of human Campylobacteriosis using a meta-analysis of case-control studies of sporadic infections","volume":"140","author":"Domingues","year":"2012","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.12144","article-title":"Marked host specificity and lack of phylogeographic population structure of Campylobacter jejuni in wild birds","volume":"22","author":"Griekspoor","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1111\/1758-2229.12314","article-title":"Wild bird-associated Campylobacter jejuni isolates are a consistent source of human disease, in Oxfordshire, United Kingdom","volume":"7","author":"Cody","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2015.149","article-title":"Rapid host switching in generalist Campylobacter strains erodes the signal for tracing human infections","volume":"10","author":"Dearlove","year":"2016","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2442","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.12742","article-title":"Cryptic ecology among host generalist Campylobacter jejuni in domestic animals","volume":"23","author":"Sheppard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e7","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033583520000037","article-title":"Survival of the cheapest: How proteome cost minimization drives evolution","volume":"53","author":"Kepp","year":"2020","journal-title":"Q. Rev. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2435.13497","article-title":"Environmental change and the evolution of genomes: Transposable elements as translators of phenotypic plasticity into genotypic variability","volume":"34","author":"Pimpinelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Funct. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-017-0008-3","article-title":"Environmental drivers of a microbial genomic transition zone in the ocean\u2019s interior","volume":"2","author":"Mende","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2017.1279380","article-title":"Campylobacter jejuni transducer like proteins: Chemotaxis and beyond","volume":"8","author":"Chandrashekhar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chandrashekhar, K., Gangaiah, D., Pina-Mimbela, R., Kassem, I.I., Jeon, B.H., and Rajashekara, G. (2015). Transducer like proteins of Campylobacter jejuni 81-176: Role in chemotaxis and colonization of the chicken gastrointestinal tract. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2015.00046"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9650","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-09483-9","article-title":"Genomic plasticity and rapid host switching can promote the evolution of generalism: A case study in the zoonotic pathogen Campylobacter","volume":"7","author":"Woodcock","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Golz, J.C., and Stingl, K. (2021). Natural competence and horizontal gene transfer in Campylobacter. Fighting Campylobacter Infections: Towards a One Health Approach, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-65481-8_10"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e73552","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.73552","article-title":"Host ecology regulates interspecies recombination in bacteria of the genus Campylobacter","volume":"11","author":"Mourkas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2001.02431.x","article-title":"A phase-variable capsule is involved in virulence of Campylobacter jejuni 81-176","volume":"40","author":"Bacon","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3540","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00109-10","article-title":"Identification of Campylobacter jejuni genes involved in its interaction with epithelial cells","volume":"78","author":"Novik","year":"2010","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00969-09","article-title":"Campylobacter jejuni FlpA binds fibronectin and is required for maximal host cell adherence","volume":"192","author":"Konkel","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s13099-019-0283-z","article-title":"Campylobacter jejuni enters gut epithelial cells and impairs intestinal barrier function through cleavage of occludin by serine protease HtrA","volume":"11","author":"Harrer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gut Pathog."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Plummer, P.J. (2012). LuxS and quorum-sensing in Campylobacter. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 2.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2012.00022"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2124","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.46.7.2124-2131.2002","article-title":"CmeABC functions as a multidrug efflux system in Campylobacter jejuni","volume":"46","author":"Lin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10-1128","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.ARBA-0013-2017","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter spp.","volume":"6","author":"Shen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3507","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.27112-0","article-title":"Nucleotide sequences and comparison of two large conjugative plasmids from different Campylobacter species","volume":"150","author":"Batchelor","year":"2004","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plasmid.2006.06.005","article-title":"A role for the tet(O) plasmid in maintaining Campylobacter plasticity","volume":"57","author":"Friis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Plasmid"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4384","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.8.4384-4390.2000","article-title":"Involvement of a plasmid in virulence of Campylobacter jejuni 81-176","volume":"68","author":"Bacon","year":"2000","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1106.041052","article-title":"pVir and bloody diarrhea in Campylobacter jejuni enteritis","volume":"11","author":"Tracz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u00d3. Cr\u00f3in\u00edn, T., and Backert, S. (2012). Host epithelial cell invasion by Campylobacter jejuni: Trigger or zipper mechanism?. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 2.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2012.00025"}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/14\/4\/874\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T12:07:46Z","timestamp":1776082066000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/14\/4\/874"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms14040874"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms14040874","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]]}}}