{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T18:07:56Z","timestamp":1785434876623,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776297600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Gilead Sciences, S.L.U., Madrid, Spain","award":["GLD21\/00052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GLD21\/00052"]}]},{"award":["GLD21\/00052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GLD21\/00052"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02qacef07","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100022335","name":"Institut d\u2019Investigacions Biom\u00e8diques August Pi i Sunyer","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100022335","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CPII22\/00005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CPII22\/00005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["CPII22\/00005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CPII22\/00005"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ca2c886","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014440","name":"Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2021-123321OB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2021-123321OB-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["PID2021-123321OB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2021-123321OB-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05r0vyz12","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>People with HIV (PWH) may exhibit altered immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination due to persistent immune dysregulation despite antiretroviral therapy. We evaluated humoral immunogenicity following mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in PWH according to CD4 T-cell count and compared responses with HIV-negative controls. The study included 57 PWH stratified by CD4 count (&lt;200 and \u2265200 cells\/\u00b5L), alongside 12 HIV-negative controls. Neutralizing antibody titers (NT50) against SARS-CoV-2 pseudoviruses expressing the D614G and Omicron BA.5 spike variants were measured using a luciferase-based neutralization assay one month (M1) and six months (M6) after primary vaccination with BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273. PWH with CD4 counts \u2265 200 cells\/\u00b5L demonstrated higher neutralizing titers against D614G at M1 and M6, with significant differences observed between CD4 groups (M1: p = 0.03; M6: p = 0.02). Neutralization of BA.5 was lower overall; while no overall group differences were observed at M1, higher titers were detected among individuals with CD4 \u2265 200 cells\/\u00b5L at six months (p = 0.04). Neutralizing titers correlated positively with CD4 counts among PWH. Responses were broadly comparable between PWH and HIV-negative controls and did not differ substantially by vaccine type. These findings indicate that immune status, reflected by CD4 T-cell count, is a key determinant of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine-induced humoral responses in PWH and support prioritizing vaccination strategies for individuals with advanced immunosuppression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms14040893","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T10:14:46Z","timestamp":1776334486000},"page":"893","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Humoral Immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Primary Vaccination Among People with HIV"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3988-9316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel K.","family":"Nomah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre Estudis Epidemiol\u00f2gics Sobre les Infeccions de Transmissi\u00f3 Sexual i Sida de Catalunya (CEEISCAT), Department de Salut, Generalitat de Catalunya, 08916 Badalona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alba G.","family":"Robles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Department, Vall d\u2019Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d\u2019Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d\u2019Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, 08035 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7524-0768","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreu","family":"Bruguera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre Estudis Epidemiol\u00f2gics Sobre les Infeccions de Transmissi\u00f3 Sexual i Sida de Catalunya (CEEISCAT), Department de Salut, Generalitat de Catalunya, 08916 Badalona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0073-873X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan M.","family":"Tiraboschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV Unit, Infectious Disease Service, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Universitat de Barcelona, 08907 L\u2019Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susana","family":"Benet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3 Lluita Contra les Infeccions, Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Badalona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7551-7803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"Garc\u00eda-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AIDS Immunopathogenesis Unit, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paloma","family":"Jimenez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AIDS Immunopathogenesis Unit, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1875-6618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ingrid","family":"Vilar\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitari de Vic, 08500 Vic, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gemma","family":"Navarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Epidemiologia, Parc Tauli Hospital Universitari, Institut d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3i i Innovaci\u00f3 Parc Taul\u00ed (I3PT-Cerca), Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08208 Sabadell, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9142-812X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sonsoles","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Palomino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV\/AIDS Unit, Infectious Diseases Service, Hospital Clinic, Institut d\u2019Investigacions Biom\u00e8diques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red en Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6871-0098","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula","family":"Suanzes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Department, Vall d\u2019Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d\u2019Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d\u2019Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, 08035 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9842-6768","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mercedes","family":"Garcia-Gasalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red en Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Institut d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 Sanit\u00e0ria Illes Balears (IdISBa), Universital Illes Balears, 07120 Palma, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Homar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Department, Son Llatzer University Hospital, 07198 Palma, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9975-407X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beatriz","family":"Mothe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3 Lluita Contra les Infeccions, Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Badalona, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red en Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"IrsiCaixa, 08916 Badalona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jordi","family":"Casabona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre Estudis Epidemiol\u00f2gics Sobre les Infeccions de Transmissi\u00f3 Sexual i Sida de Catalunya (CEEISCAT), Department de Salut, Generalitat de Catalunya, 08916 Badalona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3122-6518","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juliana","family":"Reyes-Urue\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre Estudis Epidemiol\u00f2gics Sobre les Infeccions de Transmissi\u00f3 Sexual i Sida de Catalunya (CEEISCAT), Department de Salut, Generalitat de Catalunya, 08916 Badalona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4427-9413","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda J.","family":"Buz\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Department, Vall d\u2019Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d\u2019Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d\u2019Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, 08035 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8057-7755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose M.","family":"Miro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV\/AIDS Unit, Infectious Diseases Service, Hospital Clinic, Institut d\u2019Investigacions Biom\u00e8diques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red en Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Reial Acad\u00e8mia de Medicina de Catalunya (RAMC), 08001 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"The COVIHVAC Study Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e486","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(22)00097-2","article-title":"Clinical Features of, and Risk Factors for, Severe or Fatal COVID-19 among People Living with HIV Admitted to Hospital: Analysis of Data from the WHO Global Clinical Platform of COVID-19","volume":"9","author":"Bertagnolio","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-023-01087-w","article-title":"The Immune Response to SARS-CoV-2 in People with HIV","volume":"21","author":"Burgers","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Mol. 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